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Fail closed for deferred workflow route stubs#2536

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fail-closed-deferred-workflow-stubs
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Fail closed for deferred workflow route stubs#2536
karthikscale3 wants to merge 1 commit into
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fail-closed-deferred-workflow-stubs

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@karthikscale3

@karthikscale3 karthikscale3 commented Jun 19, 2026 •
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Summary

Fail closed when a lazy Next workflow route is still the generated stub after deferred route generation.

Why

Production investigation found a deployment where /.well-known/workflow/v1/flow compiled the Workflow route stub instead of the generated route. That stub has no POST export, so queue callback POSTs received 405s and workflow runs were created but never progressed.

Previously the loader logged a warning and returned the stub if waiting for the deferred build failed, or if the refreshed route file was still a stub. This PR turns that into a build-time error with remediation text, so affected deployments fail before shipping a callback route that cannot handle POST.

The stub intentionally does not grow a placeholder POST export: it does not contain the workflow VM bundle, manifest, or step side-effect imports needed to execute callbacks. Returning a synthetic handler would only replace the 405 with another runtime failure, while still leaving runs unable to progress.

Validation

  • pnpm vitest run packages/next/src/loader.test.ts
  • git diff --check
  • pnpm biome check packages/next/src/loader.ts packages/next/src/loader.test.ts .changeset/fail-closed-deferred-workflow-stubs.md
  • Attempted pnpm --filter @workflow/next build, but latest origin/main currently fails in packages/next/src/builder-deferred.ts with pre-existing moduleSpecifierRoot / applySwcTransform type errors unrelated to this change.

Note: local commands warn because this shell is running Node 25 while the repo supports Node 18/20/22/24.

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 23fcdf4

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages
Name Type
@workflow/next Patch
workflow Patch
@workflow/world-testing Patch
@workflow/core Patch
@workflow/builders Patch
@workflow/cli Patch
@workflow/nitro Patch
@workflow/vitest Patch
@workflow/web-shared Patch
@workflow/web Patch
@workflow/astro Patch
@workflow/nest Patch
@workflow/rollup Patch
@workflow/sveltekit Patch
@workflow/vite Patch
@workflow/nuxt Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project Deployment Actions Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack Ready Ready Preview, Comment Jun 19, 2026 4:44pm
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🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production 1442 0 230 1672
✅ 💻 Local Development 1909 0 219 2128
✅ 📦 Local Production 1909 0 219 2128
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres 1895 0 233 2128
✅ 🪟 Windows 152 0 0 152
✅ 📋 Other 885 0 179 1064
Total 8192 0 1080 9272

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 125 0 27
✅ example 125 0 27
✅ express 125 0 27
✅ fastify 125 0 27
✅ hono 125 0 27
✅ nextjs-turbopack 149 0 3
✅ nextjs-webpack 149 0 3
✅ nitro 125 0 27
✅ nuxt 125 0 27
✅ sveltekit 144 0 8
✅ vite 125 0 27
✅ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 127 0 25
✅ express-stable 127 0 25
✅ fastify-stable 127 0 25
✅ hono-stable 127 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 133 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 152 0 0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 152 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 133 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 152 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 152 0 0
✅ nitro-stable 127 0 25
✅ nuxt-stable 127 0 25
✅ sveltekit-stable 146 0 6
✅ vite-stable 127 0 25
✅ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 127 0 25
✅ express-stable 127 0 25
✅ fastify-stable 127 0 25
✅ hono-stable 127 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 133 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 152 0 0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 152 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 133 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 152 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 152 0 0
✅ nitro-stable 127 0 25
✅ nuxt-stable 127 0 25
✅ sveltekit-stable 146 0 6
✅ vite-stable 127 0 25
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 126 0 26
✅ express-stable 126 0 26
✅ fastify-stable 126 0 26
✅ hono-stable 126 0 26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 132 0 20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 151 0 1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 151 0 1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 132 0 20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled 151 0 1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled 151 0 1
✅ nitro-stable 126 0 26
✅ nuxt-stable 126 0 26
✅ sveltekit-stable 145 0 7
✅ vite-stable 126 0 26
✅ 🪟 Windows
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 152 0 0
✅ 📋 Other
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable 127 0 25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start- 127 0 25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable 126 0 26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start- 126 0 26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable 127 0 25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start- 127 0 25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start 125 0 27

📋 View full workflow run

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 0.040s (-3.4%) 1.005s (~) 0.966s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 0.041s (+1.0%) 1.008s (~) 0.966s 10 1.04x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.048s (~) 1.006s (~) 0.958s 10 1.21x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.060s (-3.4%) 1.012s (~) 0.953s 10 1.50x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.064s (~) 1.012s (~) 0.948s 10 1.60x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.091s (+57.2% 🔺) 1.039s (+2.8%) 0.948s 10 2.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.254s (-21.3% 🟢) 1.951s (-30.1% 🟢) 1.697s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 0.286s (-27.9% 🟢) 1.921s (-21.2% 🟢) 1.634s 10 1.13x
▲ Vercel Nitro 0.339s (-13.1% 🟢) 2.353s (-6.9% 🟢) 2.014s 10 1.33x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Nitro 1.087s (~) 2.007s (~) 0.920s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 1.088s (-1.1%) 2.006s (~) 0.918s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.092s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.914s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.104s (~) 2.009s (~) 0.905s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.107s (~) 2.009s (~) 0.902s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.132s (+2.7%) 2.015s (~) 0.883s 10 1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.649s (+8.4% 🔺) 3.379s (-5.3% 🟢) 1.731s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 1.669s (+8.4% 🔺) 3.667s (+4.4%) 1.998s 10 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.670s (+5.8% 🔺) 3.283s (-11.6% 🟢) 1.613s 10 1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Nitro 10.485s (~) 11.021s (~) 0.536s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Express 10.520s (~) 11.021s (~) 0.501s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.520s (~) 11.024s (~) 0.504s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 10.547s (~) 11.019s (~) 0.472s 3 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 10.557s (~) 11.015s (~) 0.458s 3 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 10.711s (+1.3%) 11.034s (~) 0.323s 3 1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 14.075s (+9.7% 🔺) 16.203s (+6.1% 🔺) 2.128s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 14.254s (+8.1% 🔺) 15.502s (+0.8%) 1.248s 2 1.01x
▲ Vercel Express 14.460s (+10.4% 🔺) 15.798s (+3.9%) 1.338s 2 1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 13.669s (-2.3%) 14.026s (-1.4%) 0.357s 5 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 13.680s (~) 14.028s (~) 0.347s 5 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 13.702s (-1.5%) 14.020s (~) 0.318s 5 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 13.705s (-0.6%) 14.023s (~) 0.319s 5 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 13.717s (~) 14.027s (~) 0.310s 5 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 14.315s (+2.9%) 15.015s (+7.1% 🔺) 0.700s 4 1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 22.017s (+9.2% 🔺) 23.599s (+5.3% 🔺) 1.582s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 22.255s (+11.6% 🔺) 23.659s (+6.5% 🔺) 1.404s 3 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro 22.399s (+4.2%) 24.704s (+5.2% 🔺) 2.305s 3 1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 12.208s (-3.1%) 13.022s (~) 0.814s 7 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 12.384s (~) 13.020s (~) 0.636s 7 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 12.427s (~) 13.026s (~) 0.599s 7 1.02x
💻 Local Nitro 12.445s (+1.2%) 13.025s (~) 0.580s 7 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 12.450s (~) 13.020s (~) 0.570s 7 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 13.254s (+5.8% 🔺) 14.016s (+7.7% 🔺) 0.762s 7 1.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 29.728s (+29.1% 🔺) 31.262s (+24.3% 🔺) 1.534s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 30.353s (+22.7% 🔺) 32.573s (+22.0% 🔺) 2.221s 3 1.02x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 31.560s (+25.5% 🔺) 33.136s (+20.7% 🔺) 1.576s 3 1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.177s (+1.6%) 2.014s (~) 0.837s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.181s (-0.6%) 2.008s (~) 0.827s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.188s (-0.6%) 2.007s (~) 0.819s 15 1.01x
💻 Local Nitro 1.188s (-1.2%) 2.006s (~) 0.818s 15 1.01x
💻 Local Express 1.193s (-3.0%) 2.005s (~) 0.812s 15 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.369s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.638s 15 1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.509s (-6.9% 🟢) 4.062s (-8.9% 🟢) 1.554s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.530s (-2.4%) 3.842s (-13.2% 🟢) 1.313s 8 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.579s (-2.6%) 4.092s (-8.1% 🟢) 1.513s 8 1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.268s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.738s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.306s (~) 2.074s (~) 0.768s 15 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.332s (+6.4% 🔺) 2.080s (+3.7%) 0.748s 15 1.05x
💻 Local Nitro 2.053s (+1.9%) 2.469s (-1.5%) 0.415s 13 1.62x
💻 Local Express 2.081s (+2.3%) 2.507s (~) 0.426s 12 1.64x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.295s (-2.1%) 2.736s (-6.2% 🟢) 0.441s 11 1.81x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 3.144s (+26.4% 🔺) 5.260s (+29.6% 🔺) 2.116s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.226s (+1.3%) 4.575s (-10.8% 🟢) 1.350s 7 1.03x
▲ Vercel Express 3.416s (+20.5% 🔺) 4.807s (+4.7%) 1.391s 7 1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.426s (-1.7%) 3.886s (+5.6% 🔺) 2.460s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.439s (-13.1% 🟢) 3.454s (-8.2% 🟢) 2.014s 9 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.494s (+0.8%) 3.679s (-5.3% 🟢) 2.185s 9 1.05x
💻 Local Express 4.532s (-21.5% 🟢) 5.013s (-21.8% 🟢) 0.481s 6 3.18x
💻 Local Nitro 4.540s (+1.3%) 5.013s (~) 0.473s 6 3.18x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 5.794s (-13.4% 🟢) 6.017s (-18.9% 🟢) 0.224s 5 4.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 4.153s (+35.2% 🔺) 5.521s (+12.0% 🔺) 1.369s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 5.333s (+73.5% 🔺) 6.860s (+39.6% 🔺) 1.527s 5 1.28x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 5.455s (+55.7% 🔺) 7.010s (+29.0% 🔺) 1.555s 5 1.31x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.156s (-1.5%) 2.007s (~) 0.851s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.181s (-1.5%) 2.007s (~) 0.826s 15 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.188s (-0.6%) 2.007s (~) 0.819s 15 1.03x
💻 Local Nitro 1.209s (-1.7%) 2.006s (~) 0.797s 15 1.05x
💻 Local Express 1.227s (~) 2.005s (~) 0.778s 15 1.06x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.316s (-2.6%) 2.006s (~) 0.690s 15 1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.494s (+15.1% 🔺) 3.990s (+2.9%) 1.497s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.719s (+34.3% 🔺) 3.814s (-2.3%) 1.094s 8 1.09x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.831s (+32.4% 🔺) 4.370s (+7.7% 🔺) 1.539s 7 1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.277s (~) 2.008s (~) 0.731s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.278s (-1.3%) 2.007s (~) 0.730s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.334s (+5.5% 🔺) 2.157s (+4.0%) 0.823s 14 1.04x
💻 Local Nitro 1.951s (-2.9%) 2.150s (-7.1% 🟢) 0.199s 14 1.53x
💻 Local Express 2.067s (+1.4%) 2.508s (-8.4% 🟢) 0.441s 12 1.62x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.384s (-1.4%) 3.008s (+3.1%) 0.625s 10 1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.110s (+20.5% 🔺) 4.656s (+7.1% 🔺) 1.546s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.227s (+17.7% 🔺) 5.063s (+17.9% 🔺) 1.836s 6 1.04x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.556s (+33.5% 🔺) 5.369s (+29.0% 🔺) 1.813s 6 1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.515s (+4.0%) 3.566s (-5.2% 🟢) 2.051s 9 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.525s (+6.5% 🔺) 4.296s (+14.2% 🔺) 2.771s 7 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.538s (+4.7%) 3.904s (~) 2.366s 8 1.01x
💻 Local Express 4.669s (-21.7% 🟢) 5.180s (-24.0% 🟢) 0.510s 6 3.08x
💻 Local Nitro 5.469s (+10.6% 🔺) 6.016s (+9.1% 🔺) 0.547s 5 3.61x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 6.427s (-5.3% 🟢) 7.216s (-4.0%) 0.789s 5 4.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 4.714s (+10.8% 🔺) 6.720s (+10.3% 🔺) 2.006s 5 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 4.760s (+8.1% 🔺) 6.752s (+2.7%) 1.992s 5 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.813s (+45.6% 🔺) 6.368s (+21.1% 🔺) 1.555s 5 1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 0.537s (-12.0% 🟢) 1.004s (~) 0.467s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.570s (+1.5%) 1.041s (+1.7%) 0.471s 58 1.06x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.577s (~) 1.023s (~) 0.446s 59 1.07x
💻 Local Nitro 0.584s (+2.4%) 1.022s (~) 0.438s 59 1.09x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.618s (+9.3% 🔺) 1.056s (+3.1%) 0.437s 57 1.15x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.619s (+1.3%) 1.022s (~) 0.403s 59 1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.890s (+13.4% 🔺) 5.616s (+3.5%) 1.725s 11 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.928s (-4.9%) 5.477s (-12.3% 🟢) 1.549s 11 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro 4.200s (+39.4% 🔺) 5.980s (+18.5% 🔺) 1.779s 11 1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.315s (-0.8%) 2.007s (~) 0.692s 45 1.00x
💻 Local Express 1.354s (-13.1% 🟢) 2.006s (-1.2%) 0.652s 45 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.363s (+7.0% 🔺) 2.008s (~) 0.645s 45 1.04x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.376s (+7.9% 🔺) 2.062s (+2.7%) 0.686s 44 1.05x
💻 Local Nitro 1.394s (+0.8%) 2.006s (~) 0.612s 45 1.06x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.485s (+0.7%) 2.006s (~) 0.522s 45 1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 9.777s (+14.0% 🔺) 11.553s (+10.8% 🔺) 1.776s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 10.130s (+23.7% 🔺) 11.830s (+18.3% 🔺) 1.699s 8 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro 11.036s (+44.6% 🔺) 13.044s (+37.3% 🔺) 2.008s 7 1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.642s (~) 3.112s (-0.8%) 0.470s 39 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.740s (+3.9%) 3.166s (+3.5%) 0.427s 38 1.04x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.745s (+7.6% 🔺) 3.310s (+10.0% 🔺) 0.566s 37 1.04x
💻 Local Express 2.961s (-8.9% 🟢) 3.436s (-14.3% 🟢) 0.475s 35 1.12x
💻 Local Nitro 3.142s (+4.8%) 3.706s (+7.8% 🔺) 0.564s 33 1.19x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 3.284s (+2.4%) 4.009s (+0.8%) 0.726s 30 1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 18.163s (+8.8% 🔺) 20.521s (+7.8% 🔺) 2.357s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 18.644s (+24.0% 🔺) 20.272s (+17.7% 🔺) 1.628s 6 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 20.990s (+29.6% 🔺) 22.945s (+24.6% 🔺) 1.955s 6 1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.215s (+20.2% 🔺) 1.017s (+1.0%) 0.801s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.215s (+1.5%) 1.006s (~) 0.791s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.221s (+0.7%) 1.006s (~) 0.785s 60 1.03x
💻 Local Express 0.350s (+2.4%) 1.004s (~) 0.654s 60 1.63x
💻 Local Nitro 0.356s (+5.5% 🔺) 1.004s (~) 0.648s 60 1.66x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.615s (+1.5%) 1.022s (+1.7%) 0.407s 59 2.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.593s (+25.9% 🔺) 3.044s (+3.0%) 1.451s 20 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.670s (+26.9% 🔺) 3.250s (+9.2% 🔺) 1.579s 19 1.05x
▲ Vercel Nitro 1.671s (+22.2% 🔺) 3.356s (+7.6% 🔺) 1.685s 18 1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.318s (-1.4%) 1.006s (~) 0.688s 90 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.341s (+6.4% 🔺) 1.007s (~) 0.665s 90 1.07x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.384s (+43.3% 🔺) 1.026s (+2.0%) 0.642s 88 1.21x
💻 Local Express 1.977s (+1.1%) 2.510s (+1.7%) 0.533s 36 6.21x
💻 Local Nitro 1.997s (-1.4%) 2.495s (+1.1%) 0.498s 37 6.27x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.676s (~) 3.075s (~) 0.399s 30 8.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.204s (+29.9% 🔺) 3.681s (+4.1%) 1.476s 25 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.361s (+39.2% 🔺) 4.122s (+14.8% 🔺) 1.762s 22 1.07x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.822s (+25.8% 🔺) 4.298s (+2.6%) 1.477s 21 1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.514s (+6.6% 🔺) 2.372s (-21.8% 🟢) 1.858s 51 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.527s (+6.8% 🔺) 1.032s (+1.7%) 0.505s 117 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.535s (+2.0%) 1.087s (+3.6%) 0.552s 111 1.04x
💻 Local Express 8.963s (-8.4% 🟢) 9.638s (-9.2% 🟢) 0.676s 13 17.45x
💻 Local Nitro 9.618s (+2.8%) 10.196s (+0.9%) 0.578s 12 18.73x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.438s (+3.7%) 11.486s (+3.3%) 1.048s 11 20.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.586s (+47.9% 🔺) 5.028s (+14.9% 🔺) 1.442s 25 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.864s (+75.4% 🔺) 5.717s (+39.2% 🔺) 1.853s 21 1.08x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 5.444s (+53.6% 🔺) 7.110s (+31.2% 🔺) 1.666s 17 1.52x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 1.144s (-2.6%) 2.004s (~) 0.010s (-22.0% 🟢) 2.016s (~) 0.872s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.161s (-0.7%) 1.999s (~) 0.001s (-47.4% 🟢) 2.010s (~) 0.849s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.162s (-1.4%) 1.993s (~) 0.001s (-14.3% 🟢) 2.010s (~) 0.848s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.163s (-0.6%) 2.000s (~) 0.001s (-33.3% 🟢) 2.013s (~) 0.850s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.165s (+1.0%) 2.003s (~) 0.013s (+0.8%) 2.020s (~) 0.855s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Nitro 1.167s (+1.5%) 2.004s (~) 0.010s (+8.7% 🔺) 2.017s (~) 0.850s 10 1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.541s (+12.5% 🔺) 3.622s (+6.2% 🔺) 3.240s (+19.6% 🔺) 7.251s (+6.4% 🔺) 4.710s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.609s (+23.7% 🔺) 3.795s (+12.2% 🔺) 3.295s (+98.5% 🔺) 7.537s (+36.1% 🔺) 4.928s 10 1.03x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.779s (+28.9% 🔺) 4.157s (+21.8% 🔺) 2.941s (+84.8% 🔺) 7.578s (+35.8% 🔺) 4.800s 10 1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 1.532s (-3.3%) 2.010s (~) 0.012s (-4.3%) 2.025s (~) 0.493s 30 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 1.559s (-1.3%) 2.009s (~) 0.011s (-6.3% 🟢) 2.024s (~) 0.465s 30 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.563s (-1.4%) 2.001s (~) 0.005s (-0.7%) 2.024s (~) 0.461s 30 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.618s (-1.5%) 2.003s (-1.7%) 0.005s (+2.7%) 2.026s (-1.6%) 0.408s 30 1.06x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.626s (+0.5%) 2.009s (~) 0.014s (+7.9% 🔺) 2.027s (~) 0.401s 30 1.06x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.771s (+10.7% 🔺) 2.229s (+10.9% 🔺) 0.004s (-15.2% 🟢) 2.247s (+11.0% 🔺) 0.475s 27 1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 6.879s (+20.2% 🔺) 8.528s (+12.6% 🔺) 0.349s (+12.7% 🔺) 9.441s (+12.1% 🔺) 2.562s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 6.926s (+16.6% 🔺) 8.230s (+8.3% 🔺) 0.301s (-8.7% 🟢) 8.904s (+5.2% 🔺) 1.978s 7 1.01x
▲ Vercel Express 7.103s (+15.8% 🔺) 8.329s (+6.2% 🔺) 0.231s (-18.5% 🟢) 8.947s (+3.2%) 1.845s 7 1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.733s (-4.6%) 1.047s (-5.2% 🟢) 0.000s (+26.3% 🔺) 1.059s (-5.3% 🟢) 0.326s 57 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.746s (-2.3%) 1.044s (-1.9%) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 1.060s (-1.8%) 0.314s 57 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.216s (+59.7% 🔺) 1.729s (+58.9% 🔺) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 1.772s (+61.7% 🔺) 0.556s 34 1.66x
💻 Local Express 1.269s (-4.0%) 1.981s (-1.6%) 0.000s (+23.2% 🔺) 1.984s (-1.6%) 0.715s 31 1.73x
💻 Local Nitro 1.346s (-1.4%) 2.013s (~) 0.001s (+58.3% 🔺) 2.016s (~) 0.670s 30 1.84x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.495s (+3.2%) 2.013s (~) 0.000s (+11.1% 🔺) 2.017s (~) 0.522s 30 2.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 4.065s (+20.4% 🔺) 5.269s (+4.5%) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 5.665s (+1.8%) 1.599s 11 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 4.085s (-14.0% 🟢) 5.402s (-18.1% 🟢) 0.000s (NaN%) 5.894s (-17.3% 🟢) 1.809s 11 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.111s (-2.8%) 5.373s (-13.5% 🟢) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 5.772s (-15.2% 🟢) 1.661s 11 1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.527s (-7.7% 🟢) 2.219s (~) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 2.235s (~) 0.708s 27 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.549s (+1.3%) 2.216s (+5.5% 🔺) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 2.231s (+3.7%) 0.683s 27 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.674s (-12.3% 🟢) 2.304s (-9.4% 🟢) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 2.326s (-8.8% 🟢) 0.651s 26 1.10x
💻 Local Express 3.314s (-9.0% 🟢) 3.898s (-7.8% 🟢) 0.001s (+31.3% 🔺) 3.907s (-7.7% 🟢) 0.593s 16 2.17x
💻 Local Nitro 3.373s (-3.6%) 3.965s (~) 0.001s (-22.2% 🟢) 3.970s (~) 0.596s 16 2.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 4.141s (+0.5%) 4.528s (-1.6%) 0.002s (+22.2% 🔺) 4.534s (-1.6%) 0.393s 14 2.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 5.824s (+10.0% 🔺) 6.777s (~) 0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺) 7.178s (-1.9%) 1.354s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 5.968s (+4.8%) 7.406s (+3.7%) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 7.873s (+2.0%) 1.905s 8 1.02x
▲ Vercel Express 6.134s (-25.7% 🟢) 7.076s (-28.3% 🟢) 0.000s (-62.5% 🟢) 7.506s (-28.1% 🟢) 1.372s 8 1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Express 15/21
🐘 Postgres Nitro 13/21
▲ Vercel Express 14/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 🐘 Postgres 13/21
Next.js (Turbopack) 🐘 Postgres 15/21
Nitro 🐘 Postgres 16/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@karthikscale3 karthikscale3 marked this pull request as ready for review June 19, 2026 16:41
@karthikscale3 karthikscale3 requested review from a team and ijjk as code owners June 19, 2026 16:41
@karthikscale3 karthikscale3 changed the title [codex] Fail closed for deferred workflow route stubs Fail closed for deferred workflow route stubs Jun 19, 2026
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