Standardize project structure and update documentation

[ppant]

This PR standardizes the repository's naming conventions and documentation. Key changes include:

• Renamed directories 'deque' to 'Deque' and 'Error-debug' to 'ErrorHandling' for PascalCase consistency.
• Renamed Python scripts in 'Arrays/' and 'Trees/' from snake_case to PascalCase.
• Updated root 'README.md' with corrected paths, GitHub-compatible emoji anchor links, and updated complexity notations.
• Standardized all subdirectory 'README.md' files with a '## Contents' section and LaTeX-formatted time complexity analysis.
• Verified all relative links and confirmed successful execution of all non-interactive scripts.

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PR created automatically by Jules for task 7889165756010836202 started by @ppant

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