Add retry logic for transient HTTP 504 errors on CBL Mariner package installation

[Copilot]

The docker-in-docker feature fails on CBL Mariner when packages.microsoft.com returns HTTP 504 Gateway Timeout errors during dependency installation (e.g., perl-overloading package). These are transient CDN failures.

Changes

• src/docker-in-docker/install.sh: Added 3-attempt retry logic with 2-second delays to install_azure_linux_deps() function
• src/docker-in-docker/devcontainer-feature.json: Version bump 2.16.0 → 2.17.0

Implementation

install_azure_linux_deps() {
    local max_retries=3
    local retry_count=0
    local install_ok="false"
    
    until [ "${install_ok}" = "true" ] || [ "${retry_count}" -eq "${max_retries}" ]; do
        if ${PKG_MGR_CMD} -y install libseccomp libtool-ltdl systemd-libs libcgroup tar xz; then
            install_ok="true"
        else
            echo "(*) Package installation failed, retrying... (attempt $((retry_count + 1))/${max_retries})"
            retry_count=$((retry_count + 1))
            [ "${retry_count}" -lt "${max_retries}" ] && sleep 2
        fi
    done
}

Pattern follows existing retry mechanisms in the script for docker daemon startup and cgroup configuration.

Original prompt

Fix the failing GitHub Actions workflow "PR - Test Updated Features / test-scenarios (docker-in-docker) (pull_request)".
Analyze the workflow logs, identify the root cause of the failure, and implement a fix.
Job ID: 63284158114
Job URL: /devcontainers/features/actions/runs/21916238984/job/63284158114?pr=1552

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