From 54b566cf479eef8b6649d3be777c2ce3a005b7a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonas Haag <github@jonashaag.de>
Date: Mon, 2 Feb 2026 19:27:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1/5] Add .pil() method

---
 doc/intro.rst                   |   7 +-
 examples/generate_type_stubs.py |   8 +-
 pyvips/__init__.pyi             |   8 +-
 pyvips/vimage.py                |  52 +++++++++
 tests/test_image.py             | 184 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 252 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/intro.rst b/doc/intro.rst
index fe8effc..8c33c74 100644
--- a/doc/intro.rst
+++ b/doc/intro.rst
@@ -154,13 +154,11 @@ many image formats::
 
     assert np.array_equal(a1, a2)
     
-The :meth:`PIL.Image.fromarray` method can be used to convert a pyvips image
-to a PIL image via a NumPy array::
+Use :meth:`.pil` to convert a pyvips image to a PIL image::
 
     import pyvips
-    import PIL.Image
     image = pyvips.Image.black(100, 100, bands=3)
-    pil_image = PIL.Image.fromarray(image.numpy())
+    pil_image = image.pil()
 
 
 Calling libvips operations
@@ -415,4 +413,3 @@ where possible, so you won't have 100 copies in memory.
 
 If you want to avoid the copies, you'll need to call drawing operations
 yourself.
-
diff --git a/examples/generate_type_stubs.py b/examples/generate_type_stubs.py
index cac0d94..3986585 100755
--- a/examples/generate_type_stubs.py
+++ b/examples/generate_type_stubs.py
@@ -323,7 +323,12 @@ def generate_stub() -> str:
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, Union, overload
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, Union, overload, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from PIL.Image import Image as PILImage  # type: ignore
+else:
+    class PILImage: ...
 
 # Exception classes
 class Error(Exception): ...
@@ -441,6 +446,7 @@ def tolist(self) -> List[List[float]]: ...
     # numpy is optional dependency - use TYPE_CHECKING guard
     def __array__(self, dtype: Optional[str] = None, copy: Optional[bool] = None) -> object: ...
     def numpy(self, dtype: Optional[str] = None) -> object: ...
+    def pil(self) -> PILImage: ...
 
     # Hand-written bindings with type hints
     def floor(self) -> Image: ...
diff --git a/pyvips/__init__.pyi b/pyvips/__init__.pyi
index bc30b92..b768605 100644
--- a/pyvips/__init__.pyi
+++ b/pyvips/__init__.pyi
@@ -16,7 +16,12 @@ To regenerate after libvips updates:
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, Union, overload
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, Union, overload, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from PIL.Image import Image as PILImage  # type: ignore
+else:
+    class PILImage: ...
 
 # Exception classes
 class Error(Exception): ...
@@ -184,6 +189,7 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     # numpy is optional dependency - use TYPE_CHECKING guard
     def __array__(self, dtype: Optional[str] = None, copy: Optional[bool] = None) -> object: ...
     def numpy(self, dtype: Optional[str] = None) -> object: ...
+    def pil(self) -> PILImage: ...
 
     # Hand-written bindings with type hints
     def floor(self) -> Image: ...
diff --git a/pyvips/vimage.py b/pyvips/vimage.py
index f91df3a..f9cc9b7 100644
--- a/pyvips/vimage.py
+++ b/pyvips/vimage.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 # wrap VipsImage
 
+import array
 import numbers
 import struct
+import sys
 
 import pyvips
 from pyvips import ffi, glib_lib, vips_lib, Error, _to_bytes, \
@@ -1279,6 +1281,56 @@ def numpy(self, dtype=None):
         """
         return self.__array__(dtype=dtype)
 
+    def pil(self):
+        """Convert the image to a PIL Image.
+
+        This uses :meth:`PIL.Image.fromarray` for most formats and falls back
+        to raw-mode conversion for formats not natively supported by that method.
+
+        Notes:
+
+        - Pillow stores RGB/RGBA data as 8-bit, so 16-bit inputs will be
+          converted by keeping the high byte of each channel.
+        - Pillow expands LA inputs to RGBA by duplicating the L channel into RGB.
+
+        PIL is a runtime dependency of this function.
+        """
+        try:
+            from PIL import Image as PILImage
+        except ImportError as err:
+            raise ImportError('PIL not available') from err
+
+        if self.bands == 1 or self.format != 'ushort':
+            return PILImage.fromarray(self.numpy())
+
+        data = self.write_to_memory()
+
+        if self.bands == 2:
+            mode = 'RGBA'
+            rawmode = 'LA;16B'
+            # Pillow only accepts LA;16B. Byteswap on little-endian systems.
+            if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+                swapped = array.array('H')
+                swapped.frombytes(data)
+                swapped.byteswap()
+                data = swapped.tobytes()
+        elif self.bands == 3:
+            mode = 'RGB'
+            rawmode = 'RGB;16L' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else 'RGB;16B'
+        elif self.bands == 4:
+            mode = 'RGBA'
+            rawmode = 'RGBA;16L' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else 'RGBA;16B'
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('PIL does not support 16-bit images with more than 4 bands')
+
+        return PILImage.frombytes(
+            mode,
+            (self.width, self.height),
+            data,
+            'raw',
+            rawmode
+        )
+
     def __repr__(self):
         if (
             self.interpretation == "matrix"
diff --git a/tests/test_image.py b/tests/test_image.py
index 023ca1a..e2a15ea 100644
--- a/tests/test_image.py
+++ b/tests/test_image.py
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 # vim: set fileencoding=utf-8 :
 
+import struct
+import sys
+
 import pyvips
 import pytest
 from helpers import JPEG_FILE, UHDR_FILE, skip_if_no
@@ -394,6 +397,187 @@ def test_from_PIL(self):
         assert im.min() == 0
         assert im.max() == 0
 
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        endian = '<' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+        data = struct.pack(
+            f'{endian}6H',
+            0x1234,
+            0x5678,
+            0x9ABC,
+            0xDEF0,
+            0x1111,
+            0x2222
+        )
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 3, 'ushort')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np
+        except ImportError:
+            np = None
+
+        if np is not None:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                PIL.Image.fromarray(im.numpy())
+
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGB'
+        assert pim.size == (2, 1)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0x12, 0x56, 0x9A)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (0xDE, 0x11, 0x22)
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_rawmode_rgb_rgba(self, monkeypatch):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image as PILImage
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        seen = []
+
+        def fake_frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name, rawmode):
+            seen.append((mode, rawmode))
+            return PILImage.new(mode, size)
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(PILImage, "frombytes", fake_frombytes)
+
+        data = struct.pack('6H', 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x9ABC, 0xDEF0, 0x1111, 0x2222)
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 3, 'ushort')
+        im.pil()
+
+        data = struct.pack('8H', 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x9ABC, 0xDEF0,
+                           0x1111, 0x2222, 0x3333, 0x4444)
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 4, 'ushort')
+        im.pil()
+
+        assert seen[0][0] == 'RGB'
+        assert seen[1][0] == 'RGBA'
+        assert seen[0][1] in ('RGB;16L', 'RGB;16B')
+        assert seen[1][1] in ('RGBA;16L', 'RGBA;16B')
+
+    def test_to_PIL_8bit_modes(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('numpy not available')
+
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(bytes([0, 128, 255, 64]),
+                                          2, 2, 1, 'uchar')
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'L'
+        assert pim.size == (2, 2)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == 0
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == 128
+
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(bytes([10, 20, 30, 40]),
+                                          2, 1, 2, 'uchar')
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'LA'
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (10, 20)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (30, 40)
+
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(bytes([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]),
+                                          2, 1, 3, 'uchar')
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGB'
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (1, 2, 3)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (4, 5, 6)
+
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(bytes([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]),
+                                          2, 1, 4, 'uchar')
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGBA'
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (1, 2, 3, 4)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (5, 6, 7, 8)
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_la(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        endian = '<' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+        data = struct.pack(
+            f'{endian}4H',
+            0x1234,
+            0x5678,
+            0x9ABC,
+            0xDEF0
+        )
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 2, 'ushort')
+
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGBA'
+        assert pim.size == (2, 1)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0x12, 0x12, 0x12, 0x56)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (0x9A, 0x9A, 0x9A, 0xDE)
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_rgba(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        endian = '<' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+        data = struct.pack(
+            f'{endian}8H',
+            0x1234,
+            0x5678,
+            0x9ABC,
+            0xDEF0,
+            0x1111,
+            0x2222,
+            0x3333,
+            0x4444
+        )
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 4, 'ushort')
+
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGBA'
+        assert pim.size == (2, 1)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0x12, 0x56, 0x9A, 0xDE)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44)
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_l(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('numpy not available')
+
+        endian = '<' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+        data = struct.pack(f'{endian}2H', 0x1234, 0x9ABC)
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 1, 'ushort')
+
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.size == (2, 1)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == 0x1234
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == 0x9ABC
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_5band_unsupported(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        data = struct.pack('5H', 0x1111, 0x2222, 0x3333, 0x4444, 0x5555)
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 1, 1, 5, 'ushort')
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            im.pil()
+
     @skip_if_no('uhdrload')
     def test_gainmap(self):
         def crop_gainmap(image):

From a124c1cc19496bedc556de89aefa3b41dfe946d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: John Cupitt <jcupitt@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2026 15:46:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2/5] fix flake8

---
 README.rst          |  5 +++--
 pyvips/vimage.py    |  7 ++++---
 tests/test_image.py | 29 +++++++++++++++--------------
 3 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index c89c9fc..6c936c2 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -236,8 +236,9 @@ Stylecheck:
 
 Type checking:
 
-pyvips includes type hints via PEP 561 type stub files (``pyvips/__init__.pyi``).
-To enable type checking in your project, install a type checker like mypy:
+pyvips includes type hints via PEP 561 type stub files 
+(``pyvips/__init__.pyi``). To enable type checking in your project, 
+install a type checker like mypy:
 
 .. code-block:: shell
 
diff --git a/pyvips/vimage.py b/pyvips/vimage.py
index 58a674b..6684ef1 100644
--- a/pyvips/vimage.py
+++ b/pyvips/vimage.py
@@ -1285,14 +1285,14 @@ def pil(self):
         """Convert the image to a PIL Image.
 
         This uses :meth:`PIL.Image.fromarray` for most formats and falls back
-        to raw-mode conversion for formats not natively supported by that 
+        to raw-mode conversion for formats not natively supported by that
         method.
 
         Notes:
 
         - Pillow stores RGB/RGBA data as 8-bit, so 16-bit inputs will be
           converted by keeping the high byte of each channel.
-        - Pillow expands LA inputs to RGBA by duplicating the L channel into 
+        - Pillow expands LA inputs to RGBA by duplicating the L channel into
           RGB.
 
         PIL is a runtime dependency of this function.
@@ -1323,7 +1323,8 @@ def pil(self):
             mode = 'RGBA'
             rawmode = 'RGBA;16L' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else 'RGBA;16B'
         else:
-            raise ValueError('PIL does not support 16-bit images with more than 4 bands')
+            raise ValueError('PIL does not support 16-bit images ' +
+                             'with more than 4 bands')
 
         return PILImage.frombytes(mode,
                                   (self.width, self.height),
diff --git a/tests/test_image.py b/tests/test_image.py
index 50f27c2..878c4fb 100644
--- a/tests/test_image.py
+++ b/tests/test_image.py
@@ -399,12 +399,12 @@ def test_from_PIL(self):
 
     def test_to_PIL_16bit(self):
         try:
-            import PIL.Image
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('PIL not available')
 
         try:
-            import numpy as np
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('numpy not available')
 
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ def test_to_PIL_16bit_rawmode_rgb_rgba(self, monkeypatch):
             pytest.skip('PIL not available')
 
         try:
-            import numpy as np
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('numpy not available')
 
@@ -445,7 +445,8 @@ def fake_frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name, rawmode):
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(PILImage, "frombytes", fake_frombytes)
 
-        data = struct.pack('6H', 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x9ABC, 0xDEF0, 0x1111, 0x2222)
+        data = struct.pack('6H', 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x9ABC, 0xDEF0,
+                           0x1111, 0x2222)
         im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 3, 'ushort')
         im.pil()
 
@@ -461,12 +462,12 @@ def fake_frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name, rawmode):
 
     def test_to_PIL_8bit_modes(self):
         try:
-            import PIL.Image
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('PIL not available')
 
         try:
-            import numpy as np
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('numpy not available')
 
@@ -501,12 +502,12 @@ def test_to_PIL_8bit_modes(self):
 
     def test_to_PIL_16bit_la(self):
         try:
-            import PIL.Image
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('PIL not available')
 
         try:
-            import numpy as np
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('numpy not available')
 
@@ -528,12 +529,12 @@ def test_to_PIL_16bit_la(self):
 
     def test_to_PIL_16bit_rgba(self):
         try:
-            import PIL.Image
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('PIL not available')
 
         try:
-            import numpy as np
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('numpy not available')
 
@@ -559,12 +560,12 @@ def test_to_PIL_16bit_rgba(self):
 
     def test_to_PIL_16bit_l(self):
         try:
-            import PIL.Image
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('PIL not available')
 
         try:
-            import numpy as np
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('numpy not available')
 
@@ -579,12 +580,12 @@ def test_to_PIL_16bit_l(self):
 
     def test_to_PIL_16bit_5band_unsupported(self):
         try:
-            import PIL.Image
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('PIL not available')
 
         try:
-            import numpy as np
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip('numpy not available')
 

From 1b15564e7bb28d076f0f519fd109171418fab6ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: John Cupitt <jcupitt@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2026 16:10:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3/5] try to fix a mysterious trailing space error

---
 examples/watermark.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/watermark.py b/examples/watermark.py
index 2a00f4c..7009768 100755
--- a/examples/watermark.py
+++ b/examples/watermark.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 text = text.rotate(45)
 
 # tile to the size of the image page, then tile again to the full image size
-text = text.embed(10, 10, text.width + 20, text.width + 20)
+text = text.embed(10, 10, text.width + 20, text.width + 20)     # noqa: W291
 page_height = im.get_page_height()
 text = text.replicate(
     int(1 + im.width / text.width), int(1 + page_height / text.height)

From 753cc083d57f547e63fe56b0e216e3c2f853e3f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: John Cupitt <jcupitt@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2026 16:26:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 4/5] another try

---
 examples/watermark.py | 19 ++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/watermark.py b/examples/watermark.py
index 7009768..2af0c83 100755
--- a/examples/watermark.py
+++ b/examples/watermark.py
@@ -5,13 +5,11 @@
 
 im = pyvips.Image.new_from_file(sys.argv[1], access="sequential")
 
-text = pyvips.Image.text(
-    f'<span color="red">{sys.argv[3]}</span>',
-    width=500,
-    dpi=100,
-    align="centre",
-    rgba=True,
-)
+text = pyvips.Image.text(f'<span color="red">{sys.argv[3]}</span>',
+                         width=500,
+                         dpi=100,
+                         align="centre",
+                         rgba=True)
 
 # scale the alpha down to make the text semi-transparent
 text = (text * [1, 1, 1, 0.3]).cast("uchar")  # type: ignore
@@ -19,11 +17,10 @@
 text = text.rotate(45)
 
 # tile to the size of the image page, then tile again to the full image size
-text = text.embed(10, 10, text.width + 20, text.width + 20)     # noqa: W291
+text = text.embed(10, 10, text.width + 20, text.width + 20)
 page_height = im.get_page_height()
-text = text.replicate(
-    int(1 + im.width / text.width), int(1 + page_height / text.height)
-)
+text = text.replicate(int(1 + im.width / text.width),
+                      int(1 + page_height / text.height))
 text = text.crop(0, 0, im.width, page_height)
 text = text.replicate(1, int(1 + im.height / text.height))
 text = text.crop(0, 0, im.width, im.height)

From 946a6ea1ffb28600ba1bd8cba41db851c05e63cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: John Cupitt <jcupitt@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2026 16:44:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 5/5] regen, again

---
 doc/vimage.rst      | 998 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 pyvips/__init__.pyi |  38 +-
 2 files changed, 521 insertions(+), 515 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/vimage.rst b/doc/vimage.rst
index 30afb11..072d344 100644
--- a/doc/vimage.rst
+++ b/doc/vimage.rst
@@ -688,12 +688,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: affine(matrix, interpolate=GObject, oarea=list[int], odx=float, ody=float, idx=float, idy=float, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=Union[str, Extend])
+   .. method:: affine(matrix, interpolate=GObject, oarea=list[int], odx=float, ody=float, idx=float, idy=float, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=str | Extend)
       
       Affine transform of an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.affine(matrix, interpolate=GObject, oarea=list[int], odx=float, ody=float, idx=float, idy=float, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=Union[str, Extend])
+          out = in.affine(matrix, interpolate=GObject, oarea=list[int], odx=float, ody=float, idx=float, idy=float, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=str | Extend)
       
       :param matrix: Transformation matrix
       :type matrix: list[float]
@@ -714,25 +714,25 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param premultiplied: Images have premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :param extend: How to generate the extra pixels
-      :type extend: Union[str, Extend]
+      :type extend: str | Extend
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: analyzeload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: analyzeload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load an Analyze6 image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.analyzeload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.analyzeload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -740,12 +740,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: arrayjoin(in, across=int, shim=int, background=list[float], halign=Union[str, Align], valign=Union[str, Align], hspacing=int, vspacing=int)
+   .. staticmethod:: arrayjoin(in, across=int, shim=int, background=list[float], halign=str | Align, valign=str | Align, hspacing=int, vspacing=int)
       
       Join an array of images.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.arrayjoin(in, across=int, shim=int, background=list[float], halign=Union[str, Align], valign=Union[str, Align], hspacing=int, vspacing=int)
+          out = pyvips.Image.arrayjoin(in, across=int, shim=int, background=list[float], halign=str | Align, valign=str | Align, hspacing=int, vspacing=int)
       
       :param in: Array of input images
       :type in: list[Image]
@@ -756,9 +756,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param background: Colour for new pixels
       :type background: list[float]
       :param halign: Align on the left, centre or right
-      :type halign: Union[str, Align]
+      :type halign: str | Align
       :param valign: Align on the top, centre or bottom
-      :type valign: Union[str, Align]
+      :type valign: str | Align
       :param hspacing: Horizontal spacing between images
       :type hspacing: int
       :param vspacing: Vertical spacing between images
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.bandbool(boolean)
       
       :param boolean: Boolean to perform
-      :type boolean: Union[str, OperationBoolean]
+      :type boolean: str | OperationBoolean
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param right: Right-hand image argument
       :type right: Image
       :param boolean: Boolean to perform
-      :type boolean: Union[str, OperationBoolean]
+      :type boolean: str | OperationBoolean
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.boolean_const(boolean, c)
       
       :param boolean: Boolean to perform
-      :type boolean: Union[str, OperationBoolean]
+      :type boolean: str | OperationBoolean
       :param c: Array of constants
       :type c: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
@@ -912,17 +912,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: canny(sigma=float, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+   .. method:: canny(sigma=float, precision=str | Precision)
       
       Canny edge detector.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.canny(sigma=float, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+          out = in.canny(sigma=float, precision=str | Precision)
       
       :param sigma: Sigma of Gaussian
       :type sigma: float
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.cast(format, shift=bool)
       
       :param format: Format to cast to
-      :type format: Union[str, BandFormat]
+      :type format: str | BandFormat
       :param shift: Shift integer values up and down
       :type shift: bool
       :rtype: Image
@@ -966,37 +966,37 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: colourspace(space, source_space=Union[str, Interpretation])
+   .. method:: colourspace(space, source_space=str | Interpretation)
       
       Convert to a new colorspace.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.colourspace(space, source_space=Union[str, Interpretation])
+          out = in.colourspace(space, source_space=str | Interpretation)
       
       :param space: Destination color space
-      :type space: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type space: str | Interpretation
       :param source_space: Source color space
-      :type source_space: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type source_space: str | Interpretation
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: compass(mask, times=int, angle=Union[str, Angle45], combine=Union[str, Combine], precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+   .. method:: compass(mask, times=int, angle=str | Angle45, combine=str | Combine, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       Convolve with rotating mask.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.compass(mask, times=int, angle=Union[str, Angle45], combine=Union[str, Combine], precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+          out = in.compass(mask, times=int, angle=str | Angle45, combine=str | Combine, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       :param mask: Input matrix image
       :type mask: Image
       :param times: Rotate and convolve this many times
       :type times: int
       :param angle: Rotate mask by this much between convolutions
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle45]
+      :type angle: str | Angle45
       :param combine: Combine convolution results like this
-      :type combine: Union[str, Combine]
+      :type combine: str | Combine
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :param layers: Use this many layers in approximation
       :type layers: int
       :param cluster: Cluster lines closer than this in approximation
@@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.complex(cmplx)
       
       :param cmplx: Complex to perform
-      :type cmplx: Union[str, OperationComplex]
+      :type cmplx: str | OperationComplex
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param right: Right-hand image argument
       :type right: Image
       :param cmplx: Binary complex operation to perform
-      :type cmplx: Union[str, OperationComplex2]
+      :type cmplx: str | OperationComplex2
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -1050,16 +1050,16 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.complexget(get)
       
       :param get: Complex to perform
-      :type get: Union[str, OperationComplexget]
+      :type get: str | OperationComplexget
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: composite(in, mode, x=list[int], y=list[int], compositing_space=Union[str, Interpretation], premultiplied=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: composite(in, mode, x=list[int], y=list[int], compositing_space=str | Interpretation, premultiplied=bool)
       
       Blend an array of images with an array of blend modes.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.composite(in, mode, x=list[int], y=list[int], compositing_space=Union[str, Interpretation], premultiplied=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.composite(in, mode, x=list[int], y=list[int], compositing_space=str | Interpretation, premultiplied=bool)
       
       :param in: Array of input images
       :type in: list[Image]
@@ -1070,45 +1070,45 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param y: Array of y coordinates to join at
       :type y: list[int]
       :param compositing_space: Composite images in this colour space
-      :type compositing_space: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type compositing_space: str | Interpretation
       :param premultiplied: Images have premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: composite2(overlay, mode, x=int, y=int, compositing_space=Union[str, Interpretation], premultiplied=bool)
+   .. method:: composite2(overlay, mode, x=int, y=int, compositing_space=str | Interpretation, premultiplied=bool)
       
       Blend a pair of images with a blend mode.
       
       Example:
-          out = base.composite2(overlay, mode, x=int, y=int, compositing_space=Union[str, Interpretation], premultiplied=bool)
+          out = base.composite2(overlay, mode, x=int, y=int, compositing_space=str | Interpretation, premultiplied=bool)
       
       :param overlay: Overlay image
       :type overlay: Image
       :param mode: VipsBlendMode to join with
-      :type mode: Union[str, BlendMode]
+      :type mode: str | BlendMode
       :param x: x position of overlay
       :type x: int
       :param y: y position of overlay
       :type y: int
       :param compositing_space: Composite images in this colour space
-      :type compositing_space: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type compositing_space: str | Interpretation
       :param premultiplied: Images have premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: conv(mask, precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+   .. method:: conv(mask, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       Convolution operation.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.conv(mask, precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+          out = in.conv(mask, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       :param mask: Input matrix image
       :type mask: Image
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :param layers: Use this many layers in approximation
       :type layers: int
       :param cluster: Cluster lines closer than this in approximation
@@ -1170,17 +1170,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: convsep(mask, precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+   .. method:: convsep(mask, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       Separable convolution operation.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.convsep(mask, precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+          out = in.convsep(mask, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       :param mask: Input matrix image
       :type mask: Image
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :param layers: Use this many layers in approximation
       :type layers: int
       :param cluster: Cluster lines closer than this in approximation
@@ -1188,12 +1188,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: copy(width=int, height=int, bands=int, format=Union[str, BandFormat], coding=Union[str, Coding], interpretation=Union[str, Interpretation], xres=float, yres=float, xoffset=int, yoffset=int)
+   .. method:: copy(width=int, height=int, bands=int, format=str | BandFormat, coding=str | Coding, interpretation=str | Interpretation, xres=float, yres=float, xoffset=int, yoffset=int)
       
       Copy an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.copy(width=int, height=int, bands=int, format=Union[str, BandFormat], coding=Union[str, Coding], interpretation=Union[str, Interpretation], xres=float, yres=float, xoffset=int, yoffset=int)
+          out = in.copy(width=int, height=int, bands=int, format=str | BandFormat, coding=str | Coding, interpretation=str | Interpretation, xres=float, yres=float, xoffset=int, yoffset=int)
       
       :param width: Image width in pixels
       :type width: int
@@ -1202,11 +1202,11 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bands: Number of bands in image
       :type bands: int
       :param format: Pixel format in image
-      :type format: Union[str, BandFormat]
+      :type format: str | BandFormat
       :param coding: Pixel coding
-      :type coding: Union[str, Coding]
+      :type coding: str | Coding
       :param interpretation: Pixel interpretation
-      :type interpretation: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type interpretation: str | Interpretation
       :param xres: Horizontal resolution in pixels/mm
       :type xres: float
       :param yres: Vertical resolution in pixels/mm
@@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           nolines = in.countlines(direction)
       
       :param direction: Countlines left-right or up-down
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :rtype: float
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -1248,12 +1248,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: csvload(filename, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: csvload(filename, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load csv.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.csvload(filename, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.csvload(filename, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -1268,9 +1268,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -1278,12 +1278,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: csvload_source(source, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: csvload_source(source, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load csv.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.csvload_source(source, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.csvload_source(source, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -1298,9 +1298,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -1386,12 +1386,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload(filename, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload(filename, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load RAW camera files.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload(filename, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload(filename, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -1400,9 +1400,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -1410,12 +1410,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload_buffer(buffer, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload_buffer(buffer, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load RAW camera files.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload_buffer(buffer, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload_buffer(buffer, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -1424,20 +1424,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload_source(source, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload_source(source, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load RAW camera files.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload_source(source, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload_source(source, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -1446,9 +1446,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -1524,12 +1524,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: draw_image(sub, x, y, mode=Union[str, CombineMode])
+   .. method:: draw_image(sub, x, y, mode=str | CombineMode)
       
       Paint an image into another image.
       
       Example:
-          image = image.draw_image(sub, x, y, mode=Union[str, CombineMode])
+          image = image.draw_image(sub, x, y, mode=str | CombineMode)
       
       :param sub: Sub-image to insert into main image
       :type sub: Image
@@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param y: Draw image here
       :type y: int
       :param mode: Combining mode
-      :type mode: Union[str, CombineMode]
+      :type mode: str | CombineMode
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -1620,19 +1620,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: dzsave(filename, imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: dzsave(filename, imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to deepzoom file.
       
       Example:
-          in.dzsave(filename, imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.dzsave(filename, imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param imagename: Image name
       :type imagename: str
       :param layout: Directory layout
-      :type layout: Union[str, ForeignDzLayout]
+      :type layout: str | ForeignDzLayout
       :param suffix: Filename suffix for tiles
       :type suffix: str
       :param overlap: Tile overlap in pixels
@@ -1642,15 +1642,15 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param centre: Center image in tile
       :type centre: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param angle: Rotate image during save
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle]
+      :type angle: str | Angle
       :param container: Pyramid container type
-      :type container: Union[str, ForeignDzContainer]
+      :type container: str | ForeignDzContainer
       :param compression: ZIP deflate compression level
       :type compression: int
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param skip_blanks: Skip tiles which are nearly equal to the background
       :type skip_blanks: int
       :param id: Resource ID
@@ -1668,17 +1668,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: dzsave_buffer(imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: dzsave_buffer(imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to dz buffer.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.dzsave_buffer(imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.dzsave_buffer(imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param imagename: Image name
       :type imagename: str
       :param layout: Directory layout
-      :type layout: Union[str, ForeignDzLayout]
+      :type layout: str | ForeignDzLayout
       :param suffix: Filename suffix for tiles
       :type suffix: str
       :param overlap: Tile overlap in pixels
@@ -1688,15 +1688,15 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param centre: Center image in tile
       :type centre: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param angle: Rotate image during save
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle]
+      :type angle: str | Angle
       :param container: Pyramid container type
-      :type container: Union[str, ForeignDzContainer]
+      :type container: str | ForeignDzContainer
       :param compression: ZIP deflate compression level
       :type compression: int
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param skip_blanks: Skip tiles which are nearly equal to the background
       :type skip_blanks: int
       :param id: Resource ID
@@ -1714,19 +1714,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: dzsave_target(target, imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: dzsave_target(target, imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to deepzoom target.
       
       Example:
-          in.dzsave_target(target, imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.dzsave_target(target, imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
       :param imagename: Image name
       :type imagename: str
       :param layout: Directory layout
-      :type layout: Union[str, ForeignDzLayout]
+      :type layout: str | ForeignDzLayout
       :param suffix: Filename suffix for tiles
       :type suffix: str
       :param overlap: Tile overlap in pixels
@@ -1736,15 +1736,15 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param centre: Center image in tile
       :type centre: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param angle: Rotate image during save
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle]
+      :type angle: str | Angle
       :param container: Pyramid container type
-      :type container: Union[str, ForeignDzContainer]
+      :type container: str | ForeignDzContainer
       :param compression: ZIP deflate compression level
       :type compression: int
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param skip_blanks: Skip tiles which are nearly equal to the background
       :type skip_blanks: int
       :param id: Resource ID
@@ -1762,12 +1762,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: embed(x, y, width, height, extend=Union[str, Extend], background=list[float])
+   .. method:: embed(x, y, width, height, extend=str | Extend, background=list[float])
       
       Embed an image in a larger image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.embed(x, y, width, height, extend=Union[str, Extend], background=list[float])
+          out = in.embed(x, y, width, height, extend=str | Extend, background=list[float])
       
       :param x: Left edge of input in output
       :type x: int
@@ -1778,7 +1778,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Image height in pixels
       :type height: int
       :param extend: How to generate the extra pixels
-      :type extend: Union[str, Extend]
+      :type extend: str | Extend
       :param background: Color for background pixels
       :type background: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
@@ -1884,21 +1884,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[int, int, int, int]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: fitsload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: fitsload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load a FITS image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.fitsload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.fitsload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -1906,21 +1906,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: fitsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: fitsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load FITS from a source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.fitsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.fitsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -1968,7 +1968,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.flip(direction)
       
       :param direction: Direction to flip image
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -2032,28 +2032,28 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: gaussblur(sigma, min_ampl=float, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+   .. method:: gaussblur(sigma, min_ampl=float, precision=str | Precision)
       
       Gaussian blur.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.gaussblur(sigma, min_ampl=float, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+          out = in.gaussblur(sigma, min_ampl=float, precision=str | Precision)
       
       :param sigma: Sigma of Gaussian
       :type sigma: float
       :param min_ampl: Minimum amplitude of Gaussian
       :type min_ampl: float
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: gaussmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+   .. staticmethod:: gaussmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=str | Precision)
       
       Make a gaussian image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.gaussmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+          out = pyvips.Image.gaussmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=str | Precision)
       
       :param sigma: Sigma of Gaussian
       :type sigma: float
@@ -2062,7 +2062,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param separable: Generate separable Gaussian
       :type separable: bool
       :param precision: Generate with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -2102,12 +2102,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[float]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: gifload(filename, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: gifload(filename, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load GIF with libnsgif.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.gifload(filename, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.gifload(filename, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2118,9 +2118,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -2128,12 +2128,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: gifload_buffer(buffer, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: gifload_buffer(buffer, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load GIF with libnsgif.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.gifload_buffer(buffer, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.gifload_buffer(buffer, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -2144,20 +2144,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: gifload_source(source, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: gifload_source(source, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load gif from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.gifload_source(source, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.gifload_source(source, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -2168,9 +2168,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -2296,21 +2296,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: gravity(direction, width, height, extend=Union[str, Extend], background=list[float])
+   .. method:: gravity(direction, width, height, extend=str | Extend, background=list[float])
       
       Place an image within a larger image with a certain gravity.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.gravity(direction, width, height, extend=Union[str, Extend], background=list[float])
+          out = in.gravity(direction, width, height, extend=str | Extend, background=list[float])
       
       :param direction: Direction to place image within width/height
-      :type direction: Union[str, CompassDirection]
+      :type direction: str | CompassDirection
       :param width: Image width in pixels
       :type width: int
       :param height: Image height in pixels
       :type height: int
       :param extend: How to generate the extra pixels
-      :type extend: Union[str, Extend]
+      :type extend: str | Extend
       :param background: Color for background pixels
       :type background: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
@@ -2348,12 +2348,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: heifload(filename, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: heifload(filename, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load a HEIF image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.heifload(filename, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.heifload(filename, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2368,9 +2368,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -2378,12 +2378,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: heifload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: heifload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load a HEIF image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.heifload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.heifload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -2398,20 +2398,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: heifload_source(source, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: heifload_source(source, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load a HEIF image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.heifload_source(source, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.heifload_source(source, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -2426,20 +2426,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: heifsave(filename, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: heifsave(filename, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in HEIF format.
       
       Example:
-          in.heifsave(filename, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.heifsave(filename, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2450,13 +2450,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param lossless: Enable lossless compression
       :type lossless: bool
       :param compression: Compression format
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignHeifCompression
       :param effort: CPU effort
       :type effort: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param encoder: Select encoder to use
-      :type encoder: Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder]
+      :type encoder: str | ForeignHeifEncoder
       :param tune: Tuning parameters
       :type tune: str
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -2470,12 +2470,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: heifsave_buffer(Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: heifsave_buffer(Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in HEIF format.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.heifsave_buffer(Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.heifsave_buffer(Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -2484,13 +2484,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param lossless: Enable lossless compression
       :type lossless: bool
       :param compression: Compression format
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignHeifCompression
       :param effort: CPU effort
       :type effort: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param encoder: Select encoder to use
-      :type encoder: Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder]
+      :type encoder: str | ForeignHeifEncoder
       :param tune: Tuning parameters
       :type tune: str
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -2504,12 +2504,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: heifsave_target(target, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: heifsave_target(target, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in HEIF format.
       
       Example:
-          in.heifsave_target(target, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.heifsave_target(target, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
@@ -2520,13 +2520,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param lossless: Enable lossless compression
       :type lossless: bool
       :param compression: Compression format
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignHeifCompression
       :param effort: CPU effort
       :type effort: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param encoder: Select encoder to use
-      :type encoder: Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder]
+      :type encoder: str | ForeignHeifEncoder
       :param tune: Tuning parameters
       :type tune: str
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -2584,17 +2584,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: hist_find_indexed(index, combine=Union[str, Combine])
+   .. method:: hist_find_indexed(index, combine=str | Combine)
       
       Find indexed image histogram.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.hist_find_indexed(index, combine=Union[str, Combine])
+          out = in.hist_find_indexed(index, combine=str | Combine)
       
       :param index: Index image
       :type index: Image
       :param combine: Combine bins like this
-      :type combine: Union[str, Combine]
+      :type combine: str | Combine
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -2698,17 +2698,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: icc_export(pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, output_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
+   .. method:: icc_export(pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, output_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
       
       Output to device with ICC profile.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.icc_export(pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, output_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
+          out = in.icc_export(pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, output_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
       
       :param pcs: Set Profile Connection Space
-      :type pcs: Union[str, PCS]
+      :type pcs: str | PCS
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param black_point_compensation: Enable black point compensation
       :type black_point_compensation: bool
       :param output_profile: Filename to load output profile from
@@ -2718,17 +2718,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: icc_import(pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: icc_import(pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path)
       
       Import from device with ICC profile.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.icc_import(pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path)
+          out = in.icc_import(pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path)
       
       :param pcs: Set Profile Connection Space
-      :type pcs: Union[str, PCS]
+      :type pcs: str | PCS
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param black_point_compensation: Enable black point compensation
       :type black_point_compensation: bool
       :param embedded: Use embedded input profile, if available
@@ -2738,19 +2738,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: icc_transform(output_profile, pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
+   .. method:: icc_transform(output_profile, pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
       
       Transform between devices with ICC profiles.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.icc_transform(output_profile, pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
+          out = in.icc_transform(output_profile, pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
       
       :param output_profile: Filename to load output profile from
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param pcs: Set Profile Connection Space
-      :type pcs: Union[str, PCS]
+      :type pcs: str | PCS
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param black_point_compensation: Enable black point compensation
       :type black_point_compensation: bool
       :param embedded: Use embedded input profile, if available
@@ -2832,17 +2832,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: join(in2, direction, expand=bool, shim=int, background=list[float], align=Union[str, Align])
+   .. method:: join(in2, direction, expand=bool, shim=int, background=list[float], align=str | Align)
       
       Join a pair of images.
       
       Example:
-          out = in1.join(in2, direction, expand=bool, shim=int, background=list[float], align=Union[str, Align])
+          out = in1.join(in2, direction, expand=bool, shim=int, background=list[float], align=str | Align)
       
       :param in2: Second input image
       :type in2: Image
       :param direction: Join left-right or up-down
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :param expand: Expand output to hold all of both inputs
       :type expand: bool
       :param shim: Pixels between images
@@ -2850,16 +2850,16 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param background: Colour for new pixels
       :type background: list[float]
       :param align: Align on the low, centre or high coordinate edge
-      :type align: Union[str, Align]
+      :type align: str | Align
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload(filename, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload(filename, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG2000 image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload(filename, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload(filename, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2870,9 +2870,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -2880,12 +2880,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload_buffer(buffer, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload_buffer(buffer, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG2000 image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload_buffer(buffer, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload_buffer(buffer, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -2896,20 +2896,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload_source(source, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload_source(source, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG2000 image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload_source(source, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload_source(source, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -2920,20 +2920,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jp2ksave(filename, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jp2ksave(filename, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in JPEG2000 format.
       
       Example:
-          in.jp2ksave(filename, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jp2ksave(filename, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2946,7 +2946,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
       :type keep: int
       :param background: Background value
@@ -2958,12 +2958,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jp2ksave_buffer(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jp2ksave_buffer(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in JPEG2000 format.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.jp2ksave_buffer(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.jp2ksave_buffer(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
       :type tile_width: int
@@ -2974,7 +2974,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
       :type keep: int
       :param background: Background value
@@ -2986,12 +2986,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jp2ksave_target(target, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jp2ksave_target(target, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in JPEG2000 format.
       
       Example:
-          in.jp2ksave_target(target, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jp2ksave_target(target, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
@@ -3004,7 +3004,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
       :type keep: int
       :param background: Background value
@@ -3016,12 +3016,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jpegload(filename, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jpegload(filename, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load jpeg from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload(filename, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload(filename, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -3034,9 +3034,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -3044,12 +3044,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jpegload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jpegload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load jpeg from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -3062,20 +3062,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jpegload_source(source, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jpegload_source(source, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load image from jpeg source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload_source(source, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload_source(source, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -3088,20 +3088,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jpegsave(filename, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jpegsave(filename, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as jpeg.
       
       Example:
-          in.jpegsave(filename, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jpegsave(filename, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -3120,7 +3120,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param quant_table: Use predefined quantization table with given index
       :type quant_table: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param restart_interval: Add restart markers every specified number of mcu
       :type restart_interval: int
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -3134,12 +3134,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jpegsave_buffer(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jpegsave_buffer(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as jpeg.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.jpegsave_buffer(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.jpegsave_buffer(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -3156,7 +3156,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param quant_table: Use predefined quantization table with given index
       :type quant_table: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param restart_interval: Add restart markers every specified number of mcu
       :type restart_interval: int
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -3170,12 +3170,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jpegsave_mime(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jpegsave_mime(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to jpeg mime.
       
       Example:
-          in.jpegsave_mime(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jpegsave_mime(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -3192,7 +3192,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param quant_table: Use predefined quantization table with given index
       :type quant_table: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param restart_interval: Add restart markers every specified number of mcu
       :type restart_interval: int
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -3206,12 +3206,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jpegsave_target(target, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jpegsave_target(target, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as jpeg.
       
       Example:
-          in.jpegsave_target(target, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jpegsave_target(target, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
@@ -3230,7 +3230,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param quant_table: Use predefined quantization table with given index
       :type quant_table: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param restart_interval: Add restart markers every specified number of mcu
       :type restart_interval: int
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -3244,12 +3244,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jxlload(filename, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jxlload(filename, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG-XL image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload(filename, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload(filename, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -3260,9 +3260,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -3270,12 +3270,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jxlload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jxlload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG-XL image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -3286,20 +3286,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jxlload_source(source, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jxlload_source(source, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG-XL image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload_source(source, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload_source(source, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -3310,9 +3310,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -3440,17 +3440,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: linecache(tile_height=int, access=Union[str, Access], threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
+   .. method:: linecache(tile_height=int, access=str | Access, threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
       
       Cache an image as a set of lines.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.linecache(tile_height=int, access=Union[str, Access], threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
+          out = in.linecache(tile_height=int, access=str | Access, threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
       
       :param tile_height: Tile height in pixels
       :type tile_height: int
       :param access: Expected access pattern
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param threaded: Allow threaded access
       :type threaded: bool
       :param persistent: Keep cache between evaluations
@@ -3458,12 +3458,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: logmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+   .. staticmethod:: logmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=str | Precision)
       
       Make a Laplacian of Gaussian image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.logmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+          out = pyvips.Image.logmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=str | Precision)
       
       :param sigma: Radius of Gaussian
       :type sigma: float
@@ -3472,16 +3472,16 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param separable: Generate separable Gaussian
       :type separable: bool
       :param precision: Generate with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: magickload(filename, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: magickload(filename, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load file with ImageMagick7.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.magickload(filename, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.magickload(filename, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -3494,20 +3494,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: magickload_buffer(buffer, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: magickload_buffer(buffer, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load buffer with ImageMagick7.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.magickload_buffer(buffer, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.magickload_buffer(buffer, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -3520,20 +3520,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: magickload_source(source, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: magickload_source(source, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load source with ImageMagick7.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.magickload_source(source, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.magickload_source(source, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -3546,9 +3546,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -3612,12 +3612,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: mapim(index, interpolate=GObject, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=Union[str, Extend])
+   .. method:: mapim(index, interpolate=GObject, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=str | Extend)
       
       Resample with a map image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.mapim(index, interpolate=GObject, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=Union[str, Extend])
+          out = in.mapim(index, interpolate=GObject, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=str | Extend)
       
       :param index: Index pixels with this
       :type index: Image
@@ -3628,7 +3628,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param premultiplied: Images have premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :param extend: How to generate the extra pixels
-      :type extend: Union[str, Extend]
+      :type extend: str | Extend
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -3966,7 +3966,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.math(math)
       
       :param math: Math to perform
-      :type math: Union[str, OperationMath]
+      :type math: str | OperationMath
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -3980,7 +3980,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param right: Right-hand image argument
       :type right: Image
       :param math2: Math to perform
-      :type math2: Union[str, OperationMath2]
+      :type math2: str | OperationMath2
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -3992,27 +3992,27 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.math2_const(math2, c)
       
       :param math2: Math to perform
-      :type math2: Union[str, OperationMath2]
+      :type math2: str | OperationMath2
       :param c: Array of constants
       :type c: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: matload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: matload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load mat from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.matload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.matload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4030,21 +4030,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: matrixload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: matrixload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load matrix.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.matrixload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.matrixload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4052,21 +4052,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: matrixload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: matrixload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load matrix.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.matrixload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.matrixload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -4208,7 +4208,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param sec: Secondary image
       :type sec: Image
       :param direction: Horizontal or vertical merge
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :param dx: Horizontal displacement from sec to ref
       :type dx: int
       :param dy: Vertical displacement from sec to ref
@@ -4262,7 +4262,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param mask: Input matrix image
       :type mask: Image
       :param morph: Morphological operation to perform
-      :type morph: Union[str, OperationMorphology]
+      :type morph: str | OperationMorphology
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param sec: Secondary image
       :type sec: Image
       :param direction: Horizontal or vertical mosaic
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :param xref: Position of reference tie-point
       :type xref: int
       :param yref: Position of reference tie-point
@@ -4318,7 +4318,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param sec: Secondary image
       :type sec: Image
       :param direction: Horizontal or vertical mosaic
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :param xr1: Position of first reference tie-point
       :type xr1: int
       :param yr1: Position of first reference tie-point
@@ -4372,21 +4372,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: niftiload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: niftiload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load NIfTI volume.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.niftiload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.niftiload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4394,32 +4394,32 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: niftiload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: niftiload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load NIfTI volumes.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.niftiload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.niftiload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: niftisave(filename, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str)
+   .. method:: niftisave(filename, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to nifti file.
       
       Example:
-          in.niftisave(filename, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str)
+          in.niftisave(filename, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -4434,21 +4434,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: openexrload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: openexrload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load an OpenEXR image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.openexrload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.openexrload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4456,12 +4456,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: openslideload(filename, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: openslideload(filename, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load file with OpenSlide.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.openslideload(filename, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.openslideload(filename, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -4478,9 +4478,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4488,12 +4488,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: openslideload_source(source, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: openslideload_source(source, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load source with OpenSlide.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.openslideload_source(source, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.openslideload_source(source, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -4510,20 +4510,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pdfload(filename, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pdfload(filename, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load PDF from file (poppler).
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload(filename, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload(filename, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -4540,13 +4540,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param password: Password to decrypt with
       :type password: str
       :param page_box: The region of the page to render
-      :type page_box: Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox]
+      :type page_box: str | ForeignPdfPageBox
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4554,12 +4554,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pdfload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pdfload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load PDF from buffer (poppler).
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -4576,24 +4576,24 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param password: Password to decrypt with
       :type password: str
       :param page_box: The region of the page to render
-      :type page_box: Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox]
+      :type page_box: str | ForeignPdfPageBox
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pdfload_source(source, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pdfload_source(source, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load PDF from source (poppler).
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload_source(source, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload_source(source, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -4610,13 +4610,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param password: Password to decrypt with
       :type password: str
       :param page_box: The region of the page to render
-      :type page_box: Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox]
+      :type page_box: str | ForeignPdfPageBox
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -4666,12 +4666,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pngload(filename, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pngload(filename, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load png from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pngload(filename, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.pngload(filename, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -4680,9 +4680,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4690,12 +4690,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pngload_buffer(buffer, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pngload_buffer(buffer, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load png from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pngload_buffer(buffer, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.pngload_buffer(buffer, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -4704,20 +4704,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pngload_source(source, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pngload_source(source, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load png from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pngload_source(source, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.pngload_source(source, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -4726,9 +4726,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -4840,21 +4840,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: ppmload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: ppmload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load ppm from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4862,57 +4862,57 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: ppmload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: ppmload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load ppm from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: ppmload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: ppmload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load ppm from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: ppmsave(filename, format=Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat], ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: ppmsave(filename, format=str | ForeignPpmFormat, ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to ppm file.
       
       Example:
-          in.ppmsave(filename, format=Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat], ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.ppmsave(filename, format=str | ForeignPpmFormat, ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param format: Format to save in
-      :type format: Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat]
+      :type format: str | ForeignPpmFormat
       :param ascii: Save as ascii
       :type ascii: bool
       :param bitdepth: Set to 1 to write as a 1 bit image
@@ -4928,17 +4928,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: ppmsave_target(target, format=Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat], ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: ppmsave_target(target, format=str | ForeignPpmFormat, ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save to ppm.
       
       Example:
-          in.ppmsave_target(target, format=Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat], ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.ppmsave_target(target, format=str | ForeignPpmFormat, ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
       :param format: Format to save in
-      :type format: Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat]
+      :type format: str | ForeignPpmFormat
       :param ascii: Save as ascii
       :type ascii: bool
       :param bitdepth: Set to 1 to write as a 1 bit image
@@ -5032,21 +5032,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: radload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: radload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load a Radiance image from a file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.radload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.radload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -5054,41 +5054,41 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: radload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: radload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load rad from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.radload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.radload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: radload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: radload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load rad from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.radload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.radload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -5168,12 +5168,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: rawload(filename, width, height, bands, offset=long, format=Union[str, BandFormat], interpretation=Union[str, Interpretation], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: rawload(filename, width, height, bands, offset=int, format=str | BandFormat, interpretation=str | Interpretation, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load raw data from a file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.rawload(filename, width, height, bands, offset=long, format=Union[str, BandFormat], interpretation=Union[str, Interpretation], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.rawload(filename, width, height, bands, offset=int, format=str | BandFormat, interpretation=str | Interpretation, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -5184,17 +5184,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bands: Number of bands in image
       :type bands: int
       :param offset: Offset in bytes from start of file
-      :type offset: long
+      :type offset: int
       :param format: Pixel format in image
-      :type format: Union[str, BandFormat]
+      :type format: str | BandFormat
       :param interpretation: Pixel interpretation
-      :type interpretation: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type interpretation: str | Interpretation
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -5272,51 +5272,51 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: reduce(hshrink, vshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+   .. method:: reduce(hshrink, vshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       Reduce an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.reduce(hshrink, vshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+          out = in.reduce(hshrink, vshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       :param hshrink: Horizontal shrink factor
       :type hshrink: float
       :param vshrink: Vertical shrink factor
       :type vshrink: float
       :param kernel: Resampling kernel
-      :type kernel: Union[str, Kernel]
+      :type kernel: str | Kernel
       :param gap: Reducing gap
       :type gap: float
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: reduceh(hshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+   .. method:: reduceh(hshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       Shrink an image horizontally.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.reduceh(hshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+          out = in.reduceh(hshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       :param hshrink: Horizontal shrink factor
       :type hshrink: float
       :param kernel: Resampling kernel
-      :type kernel: Union[str, Kernel]
+      :type kernel: str | Kernel
       :param gap: Reducing gap
       :type gap: float
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: reducev(vshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+   .. method:: reducev(vshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       Shrink an image vertically.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.reducev(vshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+          out = in.reducev(vshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       :param vshrink: Vertical shrink factor
       :type vshrink: float
       :param kernel: Resampling kernel
-      :type kernel: Union[str, Kernel]
+      :type kernel: str | Kernel
       :param gap: Reducing gap
       :type gap: float
       :rtype: Image
@@ -5332,7 +5332,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param right: Right-hand image argument
       :type right: Image
       :param relational: Relational to perform
-      :type relational: Union[str, OperationRelational]
+      :type relational: str | OperationRelational
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -5344,7 +5344,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.relational_const(relational, c)
       
       :param relational: Relational to perform
-      :type relational: Union[str, OperationRelational]
+      :type relational: str | OperationRelational
       :param c: Array of constants
       :type c: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
@@ -5402,17 +5402,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: resize(scale, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float, vscale=float)
+   .. method:: resize(scale, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float, vscale=float)
       
       Resize an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.resize(scale, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float, vscale=float)
+          out = in.resize(scale, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float, vscale=float)
       
       :param scale: Scale image by this factor
       :type scale: float
       :param kernel: Resampling kernel
-      :type kernel: Union[str, Kernel]
+      :type kernel: str | Kernel
       :param gap: Reducing gap
       :type gap: float
       :param vscale: Vertical scale image by this factor
@@ -5428,19 +5428,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.rot(angle)
       
       :param angle: Angle to rotate image
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle]
+      :type angle: str | Angle
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: rot45(angle=Union[str, Angle45])
+   .. method:: rot45(angle=str | Angle45)
       
       Rotate an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.rot45(angle=Union[str, Angle45])
+          out = in.rot45(angle=str | Angle45)
       
       :param angle: Angle to rotate image
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle45]
+      :type angle: str | Angle45
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -5476,7 +5476,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.round(round)
       
       :param round: Rounding operation to perform
-      :type round: Union[str, OperationRound]
+      :type round: str | OperationRound
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -5556,7 +5556,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Image height in pixels
       :type height: int
       :param shape: SDF shape to create
-      :type shape: Union[str, SdfShape]
+      :type shape: str | SdfShape
       :param r: Radius
       :type r: float
       :param a: Point a
@@ -5702,19 +5702,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: smartcrop(width, height, interesting=Union[str, Interesting], premultiplied=bool, attention_x=bool, attention_y=bool)
+   .. method:: smartcrop(width, height, interesting=str | Interesting, premultiplied=bool, attention_x=bool, attention_y=bool)
       
       Extract an area from an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = input.smartcrop(width, height, interesting=Union[str, Interesting], premultiplied=bool)
+          out = input.smartcrop(width, height, interesting=str | Interesting, premultiplied=bool)
       
       :param width: Width of extract area
       :type width: int
       :param height: Height of extract area
       :type height: int
       :param interesting: How to measure interestingness
-      :type interesting: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type interesting: str | Interesting
       :param premultiplied: Input image already has premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :param attention_x: enable output: Horizontal position of attention centre
@@ -5828,12 +5828,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: svgload(filename, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: svgload(filename, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load SVG with rsvg.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.svgload(filename, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.svgload(filename, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -5850,9 +5850,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -5860,12 +5860,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: svgload_buffer(buffer, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: svgload_buffer(buffer, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load SVG with rsvg.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.svgload_buffer(buffer, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.svgload_buffer(buffer, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -5882,20 +5882,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: svgload_source(source, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: svgload_source(source, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load svg from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.svgload_source(source, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.svgload_source(source, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -5912,9 +5912,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -5956,12 +5956,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[] or list[Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: text(text, font=str, width=int, height=int, align=Union[str, Align], justify=bool, dpi=int, spacing=int, fontfile=str, rgba=bool, wrap=Union[str, TextWrap], autofit_dpi=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: text(text, font=str, width=int, height=int, align=str | Align, justify=bool, dpi=int, spacing=int, fontfile=str, rgba=bool, wrap=str | TextWrap, autofit_dpi=bool)
       
       Make a text image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.text(text, font=str, width=int, height=int, align=Union[str, Align], justify=bool, dpi=int, spacing=int, fontfile=str, rgba=bool, wrap=Union[str, TextWrap])
+          out = pyvips.Image.text(text, font=str, width=int, height=int, align=str | Align, justify=bool, dpi=int, spacing=int, fontfile=str, rgba=bool, wrap=str | TextWrap)
       
       :param text: Text to render
       :type text: str
@@ -5972,7 +5972,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Maximum image height in pixels
       :type height: int
       :param align: Align on the low, centre or high edge
-      :type align: Union[str, Align]
+      :type align: str | Align
       :param justify: Justify lines
       :type justify: bool
       :param dpi: DPI to render at
@@ -5984,18 +5984,18 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param rgba: Enable RGBA output
       :type rgba: bool
       :param wrap: Wrap lines on word or character boundaries
-      :type wrap: Union[str, TextWrap]
+      :type wrap: str | TextWrap
       :param autofit_dpi: enable output: DPI selected by autofit
       :type autofit_dpi: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail(filename, width, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail(filename, width, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       Generate thumbnail from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail(filename, width, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail(filename, width, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param filename: Filename to read from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6004,11 +6004,11 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Size to this height
       :type height: int
       :param size: Only upsize, only downsize, or both
-      :type size: Union[str, Size]
+      :type size: str | Size
       :param no_rotate: Don't use orientation tags to rotate image upright
       :type no_rotate: bool
       :param crop: Reduce to fill target rectangle, then crop
-      :type crop: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type crop: str | Interesting
       :param linear: Reduce in linear light
       :type linear: bool
       :param input_profile: Fallback input profile
@@ -6016,18 +6016,18 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param output_profile: Fallback output profile
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail_buffer(buffer, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail_buffer(buffer, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       Generate thumbnail from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail_buffer(buffer, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail_buffer(buffer, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -6038,11 +6038,11 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Size to this height
       :type height: int
       :param size: Only upsize, only downsize, or both
-      :type size: Union[str, Size]
+      :type size: str | Size
       :param no_rotate: Don't use orientation tags to rotate image upright
       :type no_rotate: bool
       :param crop: Reduce to fill target rectangle, then crop
-      :type crop: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type crop: str | Interesting
       :param linear: Reduce in linear light
       :type linear: bool
       :param input_profile: Fallback input profile
@@ -6050,29 +6050,29 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param output_profile: Fallback output profile
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: thumbnail_image(width, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+   .. method:: thumbnail_image(width, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       Generate thumbnail from image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.thumbnail_image(width, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = in.thumbnail_image(width, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param width: Size to this width
       :type width: int
       :param height: Size to this height
       :type height: int
       :param size: Only upsize, only downsize, or both
-      :type size: Union[str, Size]
+      :type size: str | Size
       :param no_rotate: Don't use orientation tags to rotate image upright
       :type no_rotate: bool
       :param crop: Reduce to fill target rectangle, then crop
-      :type crop: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type crop: str | Interesting
       :param linear: Reduce in linear light
       :type linear: bool
       :param input_profile: Fallback input profile
@@ -6080,18 +6080,18 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param output_profile: Fallback output profile
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail_source(source, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail_source(source, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       Generate thumbnail from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail_source(source, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail_source(source, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -6102,11 +6102,11 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Size to this height
       :type height: int
       :param size: Only upsize, only downsize, or both
-      :type size: Union[str, Size]
+      :type size: str | Size
       :param no_rotate: Don't use orientation tags to rotate image upright
       :type no_rotate: bool
       :param crop: Reduce to fill target rectangle, then crop
-      :type crop: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type crop: str | Interesting
       :param linear: Reduce in linear light
       :type linear: bool
       :param input_profile: Fallback input profile
@@ -6114,18 +6114,18 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param output_profile: Fallback output profile
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: tiffload(filename, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: tiffload(filename, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load tiff from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload(filename, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload(filename, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6142,9 +6142,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -6152,12 +6152,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: tiffload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: tiffload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load tiff from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -6174,20 +6174,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: tiffload_source(source, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: tiffload_source(source, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load tiff from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload_source(source, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload_source(source, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -6204,29 +6204,29 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: tiffsave(filename, compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: tiffsave(filename, compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to tiff file.
       
       Example:
-          in.tiffsave(filename, compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.tiffsave(filename, compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param compression: Compression for this file
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignTiffCompression
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param predictor: Compression prediction
-      :type predictor: Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor]
+      :type predictor: str | ForeignTiffPredictor
       :param tile: Write a tiled tiff
       :type tile: bool
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
@@ -6240,7 +6240,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bitdepth: Write as a 1, 2, 4 or 8 bit image
       :type bitdepth: int
       :param resunit: Resolution unit
-      :type resunit: Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit]
+      :type resunit: str | ForeignTiffResunit
       :param xres: Horizontal resolution in pixels/mm
       :type xres: float
       :param yres: Vertical resolution in pixels/mm
@@ -6250,13 +6250,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param properties: Write a properties document to IMAGEDESCRIPTION
       :type properties: bool
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param level: Deflate (1-9, default 6) or ZSTD (1-22, default 9) compression level
       :type level: int
       :param lossless: Enable WEBP lossless mode
       :type lossless: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param subifd: Save pyr layers as sub-IFDs
       :type subifd: bool
       :param premultiply: Save with premultiplied alpha
@@ -6272,19 +6272,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: tiffsave_buffer(compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: tiffsave_buffer(compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to tiff buffer.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.tiffsave_buffer(compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.tiffsave_buffer(compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param compression: Compression for this file
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignTiffCompression
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param predictor: Compression prediction
-      :type predictor: Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor]
+      :type predictor: str | ForeignTiffPredictor
       :param tile: Write a tiled tiff
       :type tile: bool
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
@@ -6298,7 +6298,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bitdepth: Write as a 1, 2, 4 or 8 bit image
       :type bitdepth: int
       :param resunit: Resolution unit
-      :type resunit: Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit]
+      :type resunit: str | ForeignTiffResunit
       :param xres: Horizontal resolution in pixels/mm
       :type xres: float
       :param yres: Vertical resolution in pixels/mm
@@ -6308,13 +6308,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param properties: Write a properties document to IMAGEDESCRIPTION
       :type properties: bool
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param level: Deflate (1-9, default 6) or ZSTD (1-22, default 9) compression level
       :type level: int
       :param lossless: Enable WEBP lossless mode
       :type lossless: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param subifd: Save pyr layers as sub-IFDs
       :type subifd: bool
       :param premultiply: Save with premultiplied alpha
@@ -6330,21 +6330,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: tiffsave_target(target, compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: tiffsave_target(target, compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to tiff target.
       
       Example:
-          in.tiffsave_target(target, compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.tiffsave_target(target, compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
       :param compression: Compression for this file
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignTiffCompression
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param predictor: Compression prediction
-      :type predictor: Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor]
+      :type predictor: str | ForeignTiffPredictor
       :param tile: Write a tiled tiff
       :type tile: bool
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
@@ -6358,7 +6358,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bitdepth: Write as a 1, 2, 4 or 8 bit image
       :type bitdepth: int
       :param resunit: Resolution unit
-      :type resunit: Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit]
+      :type resunit: str | ForeignTiffResunit
       :param xres: Horizontal resolution in pixels/mm
       :type xres: float
       :param yres: Vertical resolution in pixels/mm
@@ -6368,13 +6368,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param properties: Write a properties document to IMAGEDESCRIPTION
       :type properties: bool
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param level: Deflate (1-9, default 6) or ZSTD (1-22, default 9) compression level
       :type level: int
       :param lossless: Enable WEBP lossless mode
       :type lossless: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param subifd: Save pyr layers as sub-IFDs
       :type subifd: bool
       :param premultiply: Save with premultiplied alpha
@@ -6390,12 +6390,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: tilecache(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, max_tiles=int, access=Union[str, Access], threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
+   .. method:: tilecache(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, max_tiles=int, access=str | Access, threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
       
       Cache an image as a set of tiles.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.tilecache(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, max_tiles=int, access=Union[str, Access], threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
+          out = in.tilecache(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, max_tiles=int, access=str | Access, threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
       
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
       :type tile_width: int
@@ -6404,7 +6404,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param max_tiles: Maximum number of tiles to cache
       :type max_tiles: int
       :param access: Expected access pattern
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param threaded: Allow threaded access
       :type threaded: bool
       :param persistent: Keep cache between evaluations
@@ -6464,12 +6464,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload(filename, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload(filename, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load a UHDR image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload(filename, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload(filename, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6478,9 +6478,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -6488,12 +6488,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load a UHDR image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -6502,20 +6502,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload_source(source, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload_source(source, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load a UHDR image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload_source(source, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload_source(source, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -6524,9 +6524,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -6616,21 +6616,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: vipsload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: vipsload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load vips from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.vipsload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.vipsload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -6638,21 +6638,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: vipsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: vipsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load vips from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.vipsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.vipsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -6698,12 +6698,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: webpload(filename, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: webpload(filename, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load webp from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.webpload(filename, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.webpload(filename, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6716,9 +6716,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -6726,12 +6726,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: webpload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: webpload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load webp from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.webpload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.webpload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -6744,20 +6744,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: webpload_source(source, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: webpload_source(source, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load webp from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.webpload_source(source, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.webpload_source(source, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -6770,20 +6770,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: webpsave(filename, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: webpsave(filename, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as WebP.
       
       Example:
-          in.webpsave(filename, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.webpsave(filename, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6794,7 +6794,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param exact: Preserve color values from transparent pixels
       :type exact: bool
       :param preset: Preset for lossy compression
-      :type preset: Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset]
+      :type preset: str | ForeignWebpPreset
       :param smart_subsample: Enable high quality chroma subsampling
       :type smart_subsample: bool
       :param near_lossless: Enable preprocessing in lossless mode (uses Q)
@@ -6828,12 +6828,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: webpsave_buffer(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: webpsave_buffer(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as WebP.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.webpsave_buffer(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.webpsave_buffer(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -6842,7 +6842,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param exact: Preserve color values from transparent pixels
       :type exact: bool
       :param preset: Preset for lossy compression
-      :type preset: Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset]
+      :type preset: str | ForeignWebpPreset
       :param smart_subsample: Enable high quality chroma subsampling
       :type smart_subsample: bool
       :param near_lossless: Enable preprocessing in lossless mode (uses Q)
@@ -6876,12 +6876,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: webpsave_mime(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: webpsave_mime(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to webp mime.
       
       Example:
-          in.webpsave_mime(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.webpsave_mime(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -6890,7 +6890,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param exact: Preserve color values from transparent pixels
       :type exact: bool
       :param preset: Preset for lossy compression
-      :type preset: Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset]
+      :type preset: str | ForeignWebpPreset
       :param smart_subsample: Enable high quality chroma subsampling
       :type smart_subsample: bool
       :param near_lossless: Enable preprocessing in lossless mode (uses Q)
@@ -6924,12 +6924,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: webpsave_target(target, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: webpsave_target(target, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as WebP.
       
       Example:
-          in.webpsave_target(target, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.webpsave_target(target, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
@@ -6940,7 +6940,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param exact: Preserve color values from transparent pixels
       :type exact: bool
       :param preset: Preset for lossy compression
-      :type preset: Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset]
+      :type preset: str | ForeignWebpPreset
       :param smart_subsample: Enable high quality chroma subsampling
       :type smart_subsample: bool
       :param near_lossless: Enable preprocessing in lossless mode (uses Q)
diff --git a/pyvips/__init__.pyi b/pyvips/__init__.pyi
index 93ac246..837dd2e 100644
--- a/pyvips/__init__.pyi
+++ b/pyvips/__init__.pyi
@@ -256,7 +256,6 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     def scaleimage(self, *, log: bool = ..., exp: float = ...) -> Image: ...
 
     # Dynamically generated operations
-    def CICP2scRGB(self) -> Image: ...
     def CMC2LCh(self) -> Image: ...
     def CMYK2XYZ(self) -> Image: ...
     def HSV2sRGB(self) -> Image: ...
@@ -330,11 +329,11 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     def dE76(self, right: Image) -> Image: ...
     def dECMC(self, right: Image) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
-    def dcrawload(filename: str | Path, *, bitdepth: int = ..., half_size: bool = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def dcrawload(filename: str | Path, *, bitdepth: int = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
-    def dcrawload_buffer(buffer: _BufferLike, *, bitdepth: int = ..., half_size: bool = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def dcrawload_buffer(buffer: _BufferLike, *, bitdepth: int = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
-    def dcrawload_source(source: Source, *, bitdepth: int = ..., half_size: bool = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def dcrawload_source(source: Source, *, bitdepth: int = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     def deviate(self) -> float: ...
     def divide(self, right: Image) -> Image: ...
     def draw_circle(self, ink: list[float], cx: int, cy: int, radius: int, *, fill: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
@@ -446,9 +445,9 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     def jxlload_buffer(buffer: _BufferLike, *, page: int = ..., n: int = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
     def jxlload_source(source: Source, *, page: int = ..., n: int = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
-    def jxlsave(self, filename: str | Path, *, tier: int = ..., distance: float = ..., effort: int = ..., lossless: bool = ..., Q: int = ..., bitdepth: int = ..., interlace: bool = ..., progressive: bool = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> None: ...
-    def jxlsave_buffer(self, *, tier: int = ..., distance: float = ..., effort: int = ..., lossless: bool = ..., Q: int = ..., bitdepth: int = ..., interlace: bool = ..., progressive: bool = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> bytes: ...
-    def jxlsave_target(self, target: Target, *, tier: int = ..., distance: float = ..., effort: int = ..., lossless: bool = ..., Q: int = ..., bitdepth: int = ..., interlace: bool = ..., progressive: bool = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> None: ...
+    def jxlsave(self, filename: str | Path, *, tier: int = ..., distance: float = ..., effort: int = ..., lossless: bool = ..., Q: int = ..., bitdepth: int = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> None: ...
+    def jxlsave_buffer(self, *, tier: int = ..., distance: float = ..., effort: int = ..., lossless: bool = ..., Q: int = ..., bitdepth: int = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def jxlsave_target(self, target: Target, *, tier: int = ..., distance: float = ..., effort: int = ..., lossless: bool = ..., Q: int = ..., bitdepth: int = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> None: ...
     def labelregions(self, segments: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     def linear(self, a: list[float], b: list[float], *, uchar: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     def linecache(self, *, tile_height: int = ..., access: str | Access = ..., threaded: bool = ..., persistent: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
@@ -528,7 +527,6 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     @staticmethod
     def pdfload_source(source: Source, *, page: int = ..., n: int = ..., dpi: float = ..., scale: float = ..., background: list[float] = ..., password: str = ..., page_box: str | ForeignPdfPageBox = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     def percent(self, percent: float) -> int: ...
-    def percent_lum(self, percent: float, *, max_: float = ...) -> float: ...
     @staticmethod
     def perlin(width: int, height: int, *, cell_size: int = ..., uchar: bool = ..., seed: int = ...) -> Image: ...
     def phasecor(self, in2: Image) -> Image: ...
@@ -549,7 +547,7 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     def ppmload_source(source: Source, *, memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     def ppmsave(self, filename: str | Path, *, format: str | ForeignPpmFormat = ..., ascii: bool = ..., bitdepth: int = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> None: ...
     def ppmsave_target(self, target: Target, *, format: str | ForeignPpmFormat = ..., ascii: bool = ..., bitdepth: int = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> None: ...
-    def premultiply(self, *, max_alpha: float = ..., uchar: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def premultiply(self, *, max_alpha: float = ...) -> Image: ...
     def prewitt(self) -> Image: ...
     def profile(self) -> tuple[Image, Image]: ...
     @staticmethod
@@ -590,7 +588,6 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     def sRGB2HSV(self) -> Image: ...
     def sRGB2scRGB(self) -> Image: ...
     def scRGB2BW(self, *, depth: int = ...) -> Image: ...
-    def scRGB2CICP(self, *, colour_primaries: str | CICPColourPrimaries = ..., transfer_characteristics: str | CICPTransferCharacteristics = ..., matrix_coefficients: str | CICPMatrixCoefficients = ..., depth: int = ...) -> Image: ...
     def scRGB2XYZ(self) -> Image: ...
     def scRGB2sRGB(self, *, depth: int = ...) -> Image: ...
     def scharr(self) -> Image: ...
@@ -605,7 +602,7 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     def similarity(self, *, scale: float = ..., angle: float = ..., interpolate: Interpolate = ..., background: list[float] = ..., odx: float = ..., ody: float = ..., idx: float = ..., idy: float = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
     def sines(width: int, height: int, *, uchar: bool = ..., hfreq: float = ..., vfreq: float = ...) -> Image: ...
-    def smartcrop(self, width: int, height: int, *, interesting: str | Interesting = ..., interesting_x: int = ..., interesting_y: int = ..., premultiplied: bool = ..., attention_x: bool = ..., attention_y: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def smartcrop(self, width: int, height: int, *, interesting: str | Interesting = ..., premultiplied: bool = ..., attention_x: bool = ..., attention_y: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     def sobel(self) -> Image: ...
     def spcor(self, ref: Image) -> Image: ...
     def spectrum(self) -> Image: ...
@@ -628,12 +625,12 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     @staticmethod
     def text(text: str, *, font: str = ..., width: int = ..., height: int = ..., align: str | Align = ..., justify: bool = ..., dpi: int = ..., spacing: int = ..., fontfile: str = ..., rgba: bool = ..., wrap: str | TextWrap = ..., autofit_dpi: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
-    def thumbnail(filename: str | Path, width: int, *, height: int = ..., size: str | Size = ..., no_rotate: bool = ..., crop: str | Interesting = ..., interesting_x: int = ..., interesting_y: int = ..., linear: bool = ..., input_profile: str | Path = ..., output_profile: str | Path = ..., intent: str | Intent = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def thumbnail(filename: str | Path, width: int, *, height: int = ..., size: str | Size = ..., no_rotate: bool = ..., crop: str | Interesting = ..., linear: bool = ..., input_profile: str | Path = ..., output_profile: str | Path = ..., intent: str | Intent = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
-    def thumbnail_buffer(buffer: _BufferLike, width: int, *, option_string: str = ..., height: int = ..., size: str | Size = ..., no_rotate: bool = ..., crop: str | Interesting = ..., interesting_x: int = ..., interesting_y: int = ..., linear: bool = ..., input_profile: str | Path = ..., output_profile: str | Path = ..., intent: str | Intent = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ...) -> Image: ...
-    def thumbnail_image(self, width: int, *, height: int = ..., size: str | Size = ..., no_rotate: bool = ..., crop: str | Interesting = ..., interesting_x: int = ..., interesting_y: int = ..., linear: bool = ..., input_profile: str | Path = ..., output_profile: str | Path = ..., intent: str | Intent = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def thumbnail_buffer(buffer: _BufferLike, width: int, *, option_string: str = ..., height: int = ..., size: str | Size = ..., no_rotate: bool = ..., crop: str | Interesting = ..., linear: bool = ..., input_profile: str | Path = ..., output_profile: str | Path = ..., intent: str | Intent = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def thumbnail_image(self, width: int, *, height: int = ..., size: str | Size = ..., no_rotate: bool = ..., crop: str | Interesting = ..., linear: bool = ..., input_profile: str | Path = ..., output_profile: str | Path = ..., intent: str | Intent = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
-    def thumbnail_source(source: Source, width: int, *, option_string: str = ..., height: int = ..., size: str | Size = ..., no_rotate: bool = ..., crop: str | Interesting = ..., interesting_x: int = ..., interesting_y: int = ..., linear: bool = ..., input_profile: str | Path = ..., output_profile: str | Path = ..., intent: str | Intent = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def thumbnail_source(source: Source, width: int, *, option_string: str = ..., height: int = ..., size: str | Size = ..., no_rotate: bool = ..., crop: str | Interesting = ..., linear: bool = ..., input_profile: str | Path = ..., output_profile: str | Path = ..., intent: str | Intent = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
     def tiffload(filename: str | Path, *, page: int = ..., n: int = ..., autorotate: bool = ..., subifd: int = ..., unlimited: bool = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
@@ -648,7 +645,16 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     def tonelut(*, in_max: int = ..., out_max: int = ..., Lb: float = ..., Lw: float = ..., Ps: float = ..., Pm: float = ..., Ph: float = ..., S: float = ..., M: float = ..., H: float = ...) -> Image: ...
     def transpose3d(self, *, page_height: int = ...) -> Image: ...
     def uhdr2scRGB(self) -> Image: ...
-    def unpremultiply(self, *, max_alpha: float = ..., alpha_band: int = ..., uchar: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    @staticmethod
+    def uhdrload(filename: str | Path, *, shrink: int = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    @staticmethod
+    def uhdrload_buffer(buffer: _BufferLike, *, shrink: int = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    @staticmethod
+    def uhdrload_source(source: Source, *, shrink: int = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def uhdrsave(self, filename: str | Path, *, Q: int = ..., gainmap_scale_factor: int = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> None: ...
+    def uhdrsave_buffer(self, *, Q: int = ..., gainmap_scale_factor: int = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def uhdrsave_target(self, target: Target, *, Q: int = ..., gainmap_scale_factor: int = ..., keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> None: ...
+    def unpremultiply(self, *, max_alpha: float = ..., alpha_band: int = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
     def vipsload(filename: str | Path, *, memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod