diff --git a/CHANGELOG.rst b/CHANGELOG.rst
index 98b66e6..961de90 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.rst
+++ b/CHANGELOG.rst
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
   list[float]) [JoshCLWren]
 - add hand-written binding type hints for common methods [JoshCLWren]
 - add test coverage for type stubs [JoshCLWren]
+- add `Image.pil()` to convert to a PIL image [jonashaag]
 
 ## Version 3.1.1 (released 9 December 2025)
 
diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index c89c9fc..6c936c2 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -236,8 +236,9 @@ Stylecheck:
 
 Type checking:
 
-pyvips includes type hints via PEP 561 type stub files (``pyvips/__init__.pyi``).
-To enable type checking in your project, install a type checker like mypy:
+pyvips includes type hints via PEP 561 type stub files 
+(``pyvips/__init__.pyi``). To enable type checking in your project, 
+install a type checker like mypy:
 
 .. code-block:: shell
 
diff --git a/doc/intro.rst b/doc/intro.rst
index fe8effc..8c33c74 100644
--- a/doc/intro.rst
+++ b/doc/intro.rst
@@ -154,13 +154,11 @@ many image formats::
 
     assert np.array_equal(a1, a2)
     
-The :meth:`PIL.Image.fromarray` method can be used to convert a pyvips image
-to a PIL image via a NumPy array::
+Use :meth:`.pil` to convert a pyvips image to a PIL image::
 
     import pyvips
-    import PIL.Image
     image = pyvips.Image.black(100, 100, bands=3)
-    pil_image = PIL.Image.fromarray(image.numpy())
+    pil_image = image.pil()
 
 
 Calling libvips operations
@@ -415,4 +413,3 @@ where possible, so you won't have 100 copies in memory.
 
 If you want to avoid the copies, you'll need to call drawing operations
 yourself.
-
diff --git a/doc/vimage.rst b/doc/vimage.rst
index 30afb11..072d344 100644
--- a/doc/vimage.rst
+++ b/doc/vimage.rst
@@ -688,12 +688,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: affine(matrix, interpolate=GObject, oarea=list[int], odx=float, ody=float, idx=float, idy=float, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=Union[str, Extend])
+   .. method:: affine(matrix, interpolate=GObject, oarea=list[int], odx=float, ody=float, idx=float, idy=float, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=str | Extend)
       
       Affine transform of an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.affine(matrix, interpolate=GObject, oarea=list[int], odx=float, ody=float, idx=float, idy=float, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=Union[str, Extend])
+          out = in.affine(matrix, interpolate=GObject, oarea=list[int], odx=float, ody=float, idx=float, idy=float, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=str | Extend)
       
       :param matrix: Transformation matrix
       :type matrix: list[float]
@@ -714,25 +714,25 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param premultiplied: Images have premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :param extend: How to generate the extra pixels
-      :type extend: Union[str, Extend]
+      :type extend: str | Extend
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: analyzeload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: analyzeload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load an Analyze6 image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.analyzeload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.analyzeload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -740,12 +740,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: arrayjoin(in, across=int, shim=int, background=list[float], halign=Union[str, Align], valign=Union[str, Align], hspacing=int, vspacing=int)
+   .. staticmethod:: arrayjoin(in, across=int, shim=int, background=list[float], halign=str | Align, valign=str | Align, hspacing=int, vspacing=int)
       
       Join an array of images.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.arrayjoin(in, across=int, shim=int, background=list[float], halign=Union[str, Align], valign=Union[str, Align], hspacing=int, vspacing=int)
+          out = pyvips.Image.arrayjoin(in, across=int, shim=int, background=list[float], halign=str | Align, valign=str | Align, hspacing=int, vspacing=int)
       
       :param in: Array of input images
       :type in: list[Image]
@@ -756,9 +756,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param background: Colour for new pixels
       :type background: list[float]
       :param halign: Align on the left, centre or right
-      :type halign: Union[str, Align]
+      :type halign: str | Align
       :param valign: Align on the top, centre or bottom
-      :type valign: Union[str, Align]
+      :type valign: str | Align
       :param hspacing: Horizontal spacing between images
       :type hspacing: int
       :param vspacing: Vertical spacing between images
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.bandbool(boolean)
       
       :param boolean: Boolean to perform
-      :type boolean: Union[str, OperationBoolean]
+      :type boolean: str | OperationBoolean
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param right: Right-hand image argument
       :type right: Image
       :param boolean: Boolean to perform
-      :type boolean: Union[str, OperationBoolean]
+      :type boolean: str | OperationBoolean
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.boolean_const(boolean, c)
       
       :param boolean: Boolean to perform
-      :type boolean: Union[str, OperationBoolean]
+      :type boolean: str | OperationBoolean
       :param c: Array of constants
       :type c: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
@@ -912,17 +912,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: canny(sigma=float, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+   .. method:: canny(sigma=float, precision=str | Precision)
       
       Canny edge detector.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.canny(sigma=float, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+          out = in.canny(sigma=float, precision=str | Precision)
       
       :param sigma: Sigma of Gaussian
       :type sigma: float
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.cast(format, shift=bool)
       
       :param format: Format to cast to
-      :type format: Union[str, BandFormat]
+      :type format: str | BandFormat
       :param shift: Shift integer values up and down
       :type shift: bool
       :rtype: Image
@@ -966,37 +966,37 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: colourspace(space, source_space=Union[str, Interpretation])
+   .. method:: colourspace(space, source_space=str | Interpretation)
       
       Convert to a new colorspace.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.colourspace(space, source_space=Union[str, Interpretation])
+          out = in.colourspace(space, source_space=str | Interpretation)
       
       :param space: Destination color space
-      :type space: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type space: str | Interpretation
       :param source_space: Source color space
-      :type source_space: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type source_space: str | Interpretation
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: compass(mask, times=int, angle=Union[str, Angle45], combine=Union[str, Combine], precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+   .. method:: compass(mask, times=int, angle=str | Angle45, combine=str | Combine, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       Convolve with rotating mask.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.compass(mask, times=int, angle=Union[str, Angle45], combine=Union[str, Combine], precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+          out = in.compass(mask, times=int, angle=str | Angle45, combine=str | Combine, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       :param mask: Input matrix image
       :type mask: Image
       :param times: Rotate and convolve this many times
       :type times: int
       :param angle: Rotate mask by this much between convolutions
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle45]
+      :type angle: str | Angle45
       :param combine: Combine convolution results like this
-      :type combine: Union[str, Combine]
+      :type combine: str | Combine
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :param layers: Use this many layers in approximation
       :type layers: int
       :param cluster: Cluster lines closer than this in approximation
@@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.complex(cmplx)
       
       :param cmplx: Complex to perform
-      :type cmplx: Union[str, OperationComplex]
+      :type cmplx: str | OperationComplex
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param right: Right-hand image argument
       :type right: Image
       :param cmplx: Binary complex operation to perform
-      :type cmplx: Union[str, OperationComplex2]
+      :type cmplx: str | OperationComplex2
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -1050,16 +1050,16 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.complexget(get)
       
       :param get: Complex to perform
-      :type get: Union[str, OperationComplexget]
+      :type get: str | OperationComplexget
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: composite(in, mode, x=list[int], y=list[int], compositing_space=Union[str, Interpretation], premultiplied=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: composite(in, mode, x=list[int], y=list[int], compositing_space=str | Interpretation, premultiplied=bool)
       
       Blend an array of images with an array of blend modes.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.composite(in, mode, x=list[int], y=list[int], compositing_space=Union[str, Interpretation], premultiplied=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.composite(in, mode, x=list[int], y=list[int], compositing_space=str | Interpretation, premultiplied=bool)
       
       :param in: Array of input images
       :type in: list[Image]
@@ -1070,45 +1070,45 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param y: Array of y coordinates to join at
       :type y: list[int]
       :param compositing_space: Composite images in this colour space
-      :type compositing_space: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type compositing_space: str | Interpretation
       :param premultiplied: Images have premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: composite2(overlay, mode, x=int, y=int, compositing_space=Union[str, Interpretation], premultiplied=bool)
+   .. method:: composite2(overlay, mode, x=int, y=int, compositing_space=str | Interpretation, premultiplied=bool)
       
       Blend a pair of images with a blend mode.
       
       Example:
-          out = base.composite2(overlay, mode, x=int, y=int, compositing_space=Union[str, Interpretation], premultiplied=bool)
+          out = base.composite2(overlay, mode, x=int, y=int, compositing_space=str | Interpretation, premultiplied=bool)
       
       :param overlay: Overlay image
       :type overlay: Image
       :param mode: VipsBlendMode to join with
-      :type mode: Union[str, BlendMode]
+      :type mode: str | BlendMode
       :param x: x position of overlay
       :type x: int
       :param y: y position of overlay
       :type y: int
       :param compositing_space: Composite images in this colour space
-      :type compositing_space: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type compositing_space: str | Interpretation
       :param premultiplied: Images have premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: conv(mask, precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+   .. method:: conv(mask, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       Convolution operation.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.conv(mask, precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+          out = in.conv(mask, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       :param mask: Input matrix image
       :type mask: Image
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :param layers: Use this many layers in approximation
       :type layers: int
       :param cluster: Cluster lines closer than this in approximation
@@ -1170,17 +1170,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: convsep(mask, precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+   .. method:: convsep(mask, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       Separable convolution operation.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.convsep(mask, precision=Union[str, Precision], layers=int, cluster=int)
+          out = in.convsep(mask, precision=str | Precision, layers=int, cluster=int)
       
       :param mask: Input matrix image
       :type mask: Image
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :param layers: Use this many layers in approximation
       :type layers: int
       :param cluster: Cluster lines closer than this in approximation
@@ -1188,12 +1188,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: copy(width=int, height=int, bands=int, format=Union[str, BandFormat], coding=Union[str, Coding], interpretation=Union[str, Interpretation], xres=float, yres=float, xoffset=int, yoffset=int)
+   .. method:: copy(width=int, height=int, bands=int, format=str | BandFormat, coding=str | Coding, interpretation=str | Interpretation, xres=float, yres=float, xoffset=int, yoffset=int)
       
       Copy an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.copy(width=int, height=int, bands=int, format=Union[str, BandFormat], coding=Union[str, Coding], interpretation=Union[str, Interpretation], xres=float, yres=float, xoffset=int, yoffset=int)
+          out = in.copy(width=int, height=int, bands=int, format=str | BandFormat, coding=str | Coding, interpretation=str | Interpretation, xres=float, yres=float, xoffset=int, yoffset=int)
       
       :param width: Image width in pixels
       :type width: int
@@ -1202,11 +1202,11 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bands: Number of bands in image
       :type bands: int
       :param format: Pixel format in image
-      :type format: Union[str, BandFormat]
+      :type format: str | BandFormat
       :param coding: Pixel coding
-      :type coding: Union[str, Coding]
+      :type coding: str | Coding
       :param interpretation: Pixel interpretation
-      :type interpretation: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type interpretation: str | Interpretation
       :param xres: Horizontal resolution in pixels/mm
       :type xres: float
       :param yres: Vertical resolution in pixels/mm
@@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           nolines = in.countlines(direction)
       
       :param direction: Countlines left-right or up-down
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :rtype: float
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -1248,12 +1248,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: csvload(filename, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: csvload(filename, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load csv.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.csvload(filename, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.csvload(filename, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -1268,9 +1268,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -1278,12 +1278,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: csvload_source(source, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: csvload_source(source, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load csv.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.csvload_source(source, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.csvload_source(source, skip=int, lines=int, whitespace=str, separator=str, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -1298,9 +1298,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -1386,12 +1386,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload(filename, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload(filename, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load RAW camera files.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload(filename, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload(filename, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -1400,9 +1400,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -1410,12 +1410,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload_buffer(buffer, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload_buffer(buffer, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load RAW camera files.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload_buffer(buffer, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload_buffer(buffer, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -1424,20 +1424,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload_source(source, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: dcrawload_source(source, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load RAW camera files.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload_source(source, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.dcrawload_source(source, bitdepth=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -1446,9 +1446,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -1524,12 +1524,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: draw_image(sub, x, y, mode=Union[str, CombineMode])
+   .. method:: draw_image(sub, x, y, mode=str | CombineMode)
       
       Paint an image into another image.
       
       Example:
-          image = image.draw_image(sub, x, y, mode=Union[str, CombineMode])
+          image = image.draw_image(sub, x, y, mode=str | CombineMode)
       
       :param sub: Sub-image to insert into main image
       :type sub: Image
@@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param y: Draw image here
       :type y: int
       :param mode: Combining mode
-      :type mode: Union[str, CombineMode]
+      :type mode: str | CombineMode
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -1620,19 +1620,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: dzsave(filename, imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: dzsave(filename, imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to deepzoom file.
       
       Example:
-          in.dzsave(filename, imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.dzsave(filename, imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param imagename: Image name
       :type imagename: str
       :param layout: Directory layout
-      :type layout: Union[str, ForeignDzLayout]
+      :type layout: str | ForeignDzLayout
       :param suffix: Filename suffix for tiles
       :type suffix: str
       :param overlap: Tile overlap in pixels
@@ -1642,15 +1642,15 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param centre: Center image in tile
       :type centre: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param angle: Rotate image during save
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle]
+      :type angle: str | Angle
       :param container: Pyramid container type
-      :type container: Union[str, ForeignDzContainer]
+      :type container: str | ForeignDzContainer
       :param compression: ZIP deflate compression level
       :type compression: int
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param skip_blanks: Skip tiles which are nearly equal to the background
       :type skip_blanks: int
       :param id: Resource ID
@@ -1668,17 +1668,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: dzsave_buffer(imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: dzsave_buffer(imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to dz buffer.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.dzsave_buffer(imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.dzsave_buffer(imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param imagename: Image name
       :type imagename: str
       :param layout: Directory layout
-      :type layout: Union[str, ForeignDzLayout]
+      :type layout: str | ForeignDzLayout
       :param suffix: Filename suffix for tiles
       :type suffix: str
       :param overlap: Tile overlap in pixels
@@ -1688,15 +1688,15 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param centre: Center image in tile
       :type centre: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param angle: Rotate image during save
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle]
+      :type angle: str | Angle
       :param container: Pyramid container type
-      :type container: Union[str, ForeignDzContainer]
+      :type container: str | ForeignDzContainer
       :param compression: ZIP deflate compression level
       :type compression: int
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param skip_blanks: Skip tiles which are nearly equal to the background
       :type skip_blanks: int
       :param id: Resource ID
@@ -1714,19 +1714,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: dzsave_target(target, imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: dzsave_target(target, imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to deepzoom target.
       
       Example:
-          in.dzsave_target(target, imagename=str, layout=Union[str, ForeignDzLayout], suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], angle=Union[str, Angle], container=Union[str, ForeignDzContainer], compression=int, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.dzsave_target(target, imagename=str, layout=str | ForeignDzLayout, suffix=str, overlap=int, tile_size=int, centre=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, angle=str | Angle, container=str | ForeignDzContainer, compression=int, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, skip_blanks=int, id=str, Q=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
       :param imagename: Image name
       :type imagename: str
       :param layout: Directory layout
-      :type layout: Union[str, ForeignDzLayout]
+      :type layout: str | ForeignDzLayout
       :param suffix: Filename suffix for tiles
       :type suffix: str
       :param overlap: Tile overlap in pixels
@@ -1736,15 +1736,15 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param centre: Center image in tile
       :type centre: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param angle: Rotate image during save
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle]
+      :type angle: str | Angle
       :param container: Pyramid container type
-      :type container: Union[str, ForeignDzContainer]
+      :type container: str | ForeignDzContainer
       :param compression: ZIP deflate compression level
       :type compression: int
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param skip_blanks: Skip tiles which are nearly equal to the background
       :type skip_blanks: int
       :param id: Resource ID
@@ -1762,12 +1762,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: embed(x, y, width, height, extend=Union[str, Extend], background=list[float])
+   .. method:: embed(x, y, width, height, extend=str | Extend, background=list[float])
       
       Embed an image in a larger image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.embed(x, y, width, height, extend=Union[str, Extend], background=list[float])
+          out = in.embed(x, y, width, height, extend=str | Extend, background=list[float])
       
       :param x: Left edge of input in output
       :type x: int
@@ -1778,7 +1778,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Image height in pixels
       :type height: int
       :param extend: How to generate the extra pixels
-      :type extend: Union[str, Extend]
+      :type extend: str | Extend
       :param background: Color for background pixels
       :type background: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
@@ -1884,21 +1884,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[int, int, int, int]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: fitsload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: fitsload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load a FITS image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.fitsload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.fitsload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -1906,21 +1906,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: fitsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: fitsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load FITS from a source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.fitsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.fitsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -1968,7 +1968,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.flip(direction)
       
       :param direction: Direction to flip image
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -2032,28 +2032,28 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: gaussblur(sigma, min_ampl=float, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+   .. method:: gaussblur(sigma, min_ampl=float, precision=str | Precision)
       
       Gaussian blur.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.gaussblur(sigma, min_ampl=float, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+          out = in.gaussblur(sigma, min_ampl=float, precision=str | Precision)
       
       :param sigma: Sigma of Gaussian
       :type sigma: float
       :param min_ampl: Minimum amplitude of Gaussian
       :type min_ampl: float
       :param precision: Convolve with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: gaussmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+   .. staticmethod:: gaussmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=str | Precision)
       
       Make a gaussian image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.gaussmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+          out = pyvips.Image.gaussmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=str | Precision)
       
       :param sigma: Sigma of Gaussian
       :type sigma: float
@@ -2062,7 +2062,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param separable: Generate separable Gaussian
       :type separable: bool
       :param precision: Generate with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -2102,12 +2102,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[float]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: gifload(filename, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: gifload(filename, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load GIF with libnsgif.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.gifload(filename, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.gifload(filename, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2118,9 +2118,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -2128,12 +2128,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: gifload_buffer(buffer, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: gifload_buffer(buffer, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load GIF with libnsgif.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.gifload_buffer(buffer, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.gifload_buffer(buffer, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -2144,20 +2144,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: gifload_source(source, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: gifload_source(source, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load gif from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.gifload_source(source, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.gifload_source(source, n=int, page=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -2168,9 +2168,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -2296,21 +2296,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: gravity(direction, width, height, extend=Union[str, Extend], background=list[float])
+   .. method:: gravity(direction, width, height, extend=str | Extend, background=list[float])
       
       Place an image within a larger image with a certain gravity.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.gravity(direction, width, height, extend=Union[str, Extend], background=list[float])
+          out = in.gravity(direction, width, height, extend=str | Extend, background=list[float])
       
       :param direction: Direction to place image within width/height
-      :type direction: Union[str, CompassDirection]
+      :type direction: str | CompassDirection
       :param width: Image width in pixels
       :type width: int
       :param height: Image height in pixels
       :type height: int
       :param extend: How to generate the extra pixels
-      :type extend: Union[str, Extend]
+      :type extend: str | Extend
       :param background: Color for background pixels
       :type background: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
@@ -2348,12 +2348,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: heifload(filename, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: heifload(filename, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load a HEIF image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.heifload(filename, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.heifload(filename, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2368,9 +2368,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -2378,12 +2378,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: heifload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: heifload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load a HEIF image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.heifload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.heifload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -2398,20 +2398,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: heifload_source(source, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: heifload_source(source, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load a HEIF image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.heifload_source(source, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.heifload_source(source, page=int, n=int, thumbnail=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -2426,20 +2426,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: heifsave(filename, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: heifsave(filename, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in HEIF format.
       
       Example:
-          in.heifsave(filename, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.heifsave(filename, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2450,13 +2450,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param lossless: Enable lossless compression
       :type lossless: bool
       :param compression: Compression format
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignHeifCompression
       :param effort: CPU effort
       :type effort: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param encoder: Select encoder to use
-      :type encoder: Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder]
+      :type encoder: str | ForeignHeifEncoder
       :param tune: Tuning parameters
       :type tune: str
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -2470,12 +2470,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: heifsave_buffer(Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: heifsave_buffer(Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in HEIF format.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.heifsave_buffer(Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.heifsave_buffer(Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -2484,13 +2484,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param lossless: Enable lossless compression
       :type lossless: bool
       :param compression: Compression format
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignHeifCompression
       :param effort: CPU effort
       :type effort: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param encoder: Select encoder to use
-      :type encoder: Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder]
+      :type encoder: str | ForeignHeifEncoder
       :param tune: Tuning parameters
       :type tune: str
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -2504,12 +2504,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: heifsave_target(target, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: heifsave_target(target, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in HEIF format.
       
       Example:
-          in.heifsave_target(target, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression], effort=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], encoder=Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder], tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.heifsave_target(target, Q=int, bitdepth=int, lossless=bool, compression=str | ForeignHeifCompression, effort=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, encoder=str | ForeignHeifEncoder, tune=str, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
@@ -2520,13 +2520,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param lossless: Enable lossless compression
       :type lossless: bool
       :param compression: Compression format
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignHeifCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignHeifCompression
       :param effort: CPU effort
       :type effort: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param encoder: Select encoder to use
-      :type encoder: Union[str, ForeignHeifEncoder]
+      :type encoder: str | ForeignHeifEncoder
       :param tune: Tuning parameters
       :type tune: str
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -2584,17 +2584,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: hist_find_indexed(index, combine=Union[str, Combine])
+   .. method:: hist_find_indexed(index, combine=str | Combine)
       
       Find indexed image histogram.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.hist_find_indexed(index, combine=Union[str, Combine])
+          out = in.hist_find_indexed(index, combine=str | Combine)
       
       :param index: Index image
       :type index: Image
       :param combine: Combine bins like this
-      :type combine: Union[str, Combine]
+      :type combine: str | Combine
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -2698,17 +2698,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: icc_export(pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, output_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
+   .. method:: icc_export(pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, output_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
       
       Output to device with ICC profile.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.icc_export(pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, output_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
+          out = in.icc_export(pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, output_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
       
       :param pcs: Set Profile Connection Space
-      :type pcs: Union[str, PCS]
+      :type pcs: str | PCS
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param black_point_compensation: Enable black point compensation
       :type black_point_compensation: bool
       :param output_profile: Filename to load output profile from
@@ -2718,17 +2718,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: icc_import(pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: icc_import(pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path)
       
       Import from device with ICC profile.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.icc_import(pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path)
+          out = in.icc_import(pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path)
       
       :param pcs: Set Profile Connection Space
-      :type pcs: Union[str, PCS]
+      :type pcs: str | PCS
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param black_point_compensation: Enable black point compensation
       :type black_point_compensation: bool
       :param embedded: Use embedded input profile, if available
@@ -2738,19 +2738,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: icc_transform(output_profile, pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
+   .. method:: icc_transform(output_profile, pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
       
       Transform between devices with ICC profiles.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.icc_transform(output_profile, pcs=Union[str, PCS], intent=Union[str, Intent], black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
+          out = in.icc_transform(output_profile, pcs=str | PCS, intent=str | Intent, black_point_compensation=bool, embedded=bool, input_profile=str | Path, depth=int)
       
       :param output_profile: Filename to load output profile from
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param pcs: Set Profile Connection Space
-      :type pcs: Union[str, PCS]
+      :type pcs: str | PCS
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param black_point_compensation: Enable black point compensation
       :type black_point_compensation: bool
       :param embedded: Use embedded input profile, if available
@@ -2832,17 +2832,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: join(in2, direction, expand=bool, shim=int, background=list[float], align=Union[str, Align])
+   .. method:: join(in2, direction, expand=bool, shim=int, background=list[float], align=str | Align)
       
       Join a pair of images.
       
       Example:
-          out = in1.join(in2, direction, expand=bool, shim=int, background=list[float], align=Union[str, Align])
+          out = in1.join(in2, direction, expand=bool, shim=int, background=list[float], align=str | Align)
       
       :param in2: Second input image
       :type in2: Image
       :param direction: Join left-right or up-down
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :param expand: Expand output to hold all of both inputs
       :type expand: bool
       :param shim: Pixels between images
@@ -2850,16 +2850,16 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param background: Colour for new pixels
       :type background: list[float]
       :param align: Align on the low, centre or high coordinate edge
-      :type align: Union[str, Align]
+      :type align: str | Align
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload(filename, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload(filename, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG2000 image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload(filename, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload(filename, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2870,9 +2870,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -2880,12 +2880,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload_buffer(buffer, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload_buffer(buffer, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG2000 image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload_buffer(buffer, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload_buffer(buffer, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -2896,20 +2896,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload_source(source, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jp2kload_source(source, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG2000 image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload_source(source, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jp2kload_source(source, page=int, oneshot=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -2920,20 +2920,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jp2ksave(filename, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jp2ksave(filename, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in JPEG2000 format.
       
       Example:
-          in.jp2ksave(filename, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jp2ksave(filename, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -2946,7 +2946,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
       :type keep: int
       :param background: Background value
@@ -2958,12 +2958,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jp2ksave_buffer(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jp2ksave_buffer(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in JPEG2000 format.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.jp2ksave_buffer(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.jp2ksave_buffer(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
       :type tile_width: int
@@ -2974,7 +2974,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
       :type keep: int
       :param background: Background value
@@ -2986,12 +2986,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jp2ksave_target(target, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jp2ksave_target(target, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image in JPEG2000 format.
       
       Example:
-          in.jp2ksave_target(target, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jp2ksave_target(target, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, lossless=bool, Q=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
@@ -3004,7 +3004,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
       :type keep: int
       :param background: Background value
@@ -3016,12 +3016,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jpegload(filename, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jpegload(filename, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load jpeg from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload(filename, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload(filename, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -3034,9 +3034,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -3044,12 +3044,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jpegload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jpegload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load jpeg from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -3062,20 +3062,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jpegload_source(source, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jpegload_source(source, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load image from jpeg source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload_source(source, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jpegload_source(source, shrink=int, autorotate=bool, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -3088,20 +3088,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jpegsave(filename, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jpegsave(filename, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as jpeg.
       
       Example:
-          in.jpegsave(filename, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jpegsave(filename, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -3120,7 +3120,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param quant_table: Use predefined quantization table with given index
       :type quant_table: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param restart_interval: Add restart markers every specified number of mcu
       :type restart_interval: int
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -3134,12 +3134,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jpegsave_buffer(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jpegsave_buffer(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as jpeg.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.jpegsave_buffer(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.jpegsave_buffer(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -3156,7 +3156,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param quant_table: Use predefined quantization table with given index
       :type quant_table: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param restart_interval: Add restart markers every specified number of mcu
       :type restart_interval: int
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -3170,12 +3170,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jpegsave_mime(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jpegsave_mime(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to jpeg mime.
       
       Example:
-          in.jpegsave_mime(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jpegsave_mime(Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -3192,7 +3192,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param quant_table: Use predefined quantization table with given index
       :type quant_table: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param restart_interval: Add restart markers every specified number of mcu
       :type restart_interval: int
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -3206,12 +3206,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: jpegsave_target(target, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: jpegsave_target(target, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as jpeg.
       
       Example:
-          in.jpegsave_target(target, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=Union[str, ForeignSubsample], restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.jpegsave_target(target, Q=int, optimize_coding=bool, interlace=bool, trellis_quant=bool, overshoot_deringing=bool, optimize_scans=bool, quant_table=int, subsample_mode=str | ForeignSubsample, restart_interval=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
@@ -3230,7 +3230,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param quant_table: Use predefined quantization table with given index
       :type quant_table: int
       :param subsample_mode: Select chroma subsample operation mode
-      :type subsample_mode: Union[str, ForeignSubsample]
+      :type subsample_mode: str | ForeignSubsample
       :param restart_interval: Add restart markers every specified number of mcu
       :type restart_interval: int
       :param keep: Which metadata to retain
@@ -3244,12 +3244,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jxlload(filename, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jxlload(filename, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG-XL image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload(filename, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload(filename, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -3260,9 +3260,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -3270,12 +3270,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jxlload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jxlload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG-XL image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -3286,20 +3286,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: jxlload_source(source, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: jxlload_source(source, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load JPEG-XL image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload_source(source, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.jxlload_source(source, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -3310,9 +3310,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -3440,17 +3440,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: linecache(tile_height=int, access=Union[str, Access], threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
+   .. method:: linecache(tile_height=int, access=str | Access, threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
       
       Cache an image as a set of lines.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.linecache(tile_height=int, access=Union[str, Access], threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
+          out = in.linecache(tile_height=int, access=str | Access, threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
       
       :param tile_height: Tile height in pixels
       :type tile_height: int
       :param access: Expected access pattern
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param threaded: Allow threaded access
       :type threaded: bool
       :param persistent: Keep cache between evaluations
@@ -3458,12 +3458,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: logmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+   .. staticmethod:: logmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=str | Precision)
       
       Make a Laplacian of Gaussian image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.logmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=Union[str, Precision])
+          out = pyvips.Image.logmat(sigma, min_ampl, separable=bool, precision=str | Precision)
       
       :param sigma: Radius of Gaussian
       :type sigma: float
@@ -3472,16 +3472,16 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param separable: Generate separable Gaussian
       :type separable: bool
       :param precision: Generate with this precision
-      :type precision: Union[str, Precision]
+      :type precision: str | Precision
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: magickload(filename, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: magickload(filename, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load file with ImageMagick7.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.magickload(filename, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.magickload(filename, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -3494,20 +3494,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: magickload_buffer(buffer, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: magickload_buffer(buffer, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load buffer with ImageMagick7.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.magickload_buffer(buffer, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.magickload_buffer(buffer, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -3520,20 +3520,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: magickload_source(source, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: magickload_source(source, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load source with ImageMagick7.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.magickload_source(source, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.magickload_source(source, density=str, page=int, n=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -3546,9 +3546,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -3612,12 +3612,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: mapim(index, interpolate=GObject, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=Union[str, Extend])
+   .. method:: mapim(index, interpolate=GObject, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=str | Extend)
       
       Resample with a map image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.mapim(index, interpolate=GObject, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=Union[str, Extend])
+          out = in.mapim(index, interpolate=GObject, background=list[float], premultiplied=bool, extend=str | Extend)
       
       :param index: Index pixels with this
       :type index: Image
@@ -3628,7 +3628,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param premultiplied: Images have premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :param extend: How to generate the extra pixels
-      :type extend: Union[str, Extend]
+      :type extend: str | Extend
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -3966,7 +3966,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.math(math)
       
       :param math: Math to perform
-      :type math: Union[str, OperationMath]
+      :type math: str | OperationMath
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -3980,7 +3980,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param right: Right-hand image argument
       :type right: Image
       :param math2: Math to perform
-      :type math2: Union[str, OperationMath2]
+      :type math2: str | OperationMath2
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -3992,27 +3992,27 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.math2_const(math2, c)
       
       :param math2: Math to perform
-      :type math2: Union[str, OperationMath2]
+      :type math2: str | OperationMath2
       :param c: Array of constants
       :type c: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: matload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: matload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load mat from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.matload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.matload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4030,21 +4030,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: matrixload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: matrixload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load matrix.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.matrixload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.matrixload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4052,21 +4052,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: matrixload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: matrixload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load matrix.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.matrixload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.matrixload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -4208,7 +4208,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param sec: Secondary image
       :type sec: Image
       :param direction: Horizontal or vertical merge
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :param dx: Horizontal displacement from sec to ref
       :type dx: int
       :param dy: Vertical displacement from sec to ref
@@ -4262,7 +4262,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param mask: Input matrix image
       :type mask: Image
       :param morph: Morphological operation to perform
-      :type morph: Union[str, OperationMorphology]
+      :type morph: str | OperationMorphology
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param sec: Secondary image
       :type sec: Image
       :param direction: Horizontal or vertical mosaic
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :param xref: Position of reference tie-point
       :type xref: int
       :param yref: Position of reference tie-point
@@ -4318,7 +4318,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param sec: Secondary image
       :type sec: Image
       :param direction: Horizontal or vertical mosaic
-      :type direction: Union[str, Direction]
+      :type direction: str | Direction
       :param xr1: Position of first reference tie-point
       :type xr1: int
       :param yr1: Position of first reference tie-point
@@ -4372,21 +4372,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: niftiload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: niftiload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load NIfTI volume.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.niftiload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.niftiload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4394,32 +4394,32 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: niftiload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: niftiload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load NIfTI volumes.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.niftiload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.niftiload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: niftisave(filename, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str)
+   .. method:: niftisave(filename, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to nifti file.
       
       Example:
-          in.niftisave(filename, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str)
+          in.niftisave(filename, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -4434,21 +4434,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: openexrload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: openexrload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load an OpenEXR image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.openexrload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.openexrload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4456,12 +4456,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: openslideload(filename, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: openslideload(filename, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load file with OpenSlide.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.openslideload(filename, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.openslideload(filename, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -4478,9 +4478,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4488,12 +4488,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: openslideload_source(source, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: openslideload_source(source, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load source with OpenSlide.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.openslideload_source(source, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.openslideload_source(source, level=int, autocrop=bool, associated=str, attach_associated=bool, rgb=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -4510,20 +4510,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pdfload(filename, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pdfload(filename, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load PDF from file (poppler).
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload(filename, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload(filename, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -4540,13 +4540,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param password: Password to decrypt with
       :type password: str
       :param page_box: The region of the page to render
-      :type page_box: Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox]
+      :type page_box: str | ForeignPdfPageBox
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4554,12 +4554,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pdfload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pdfload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load PDF from buffer (poppler).
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -4576,24 +4576,24 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param password: Password to decrypt with
       :type password: str
       :param page_box: The region of the page to render
-      :type page_box: Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox]
+      :type page_box: str | ForeignPdfPageBox
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pdfload_source(source, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pdfload_source(source, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load PDF from source (poppler).
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload_source(source, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.pdfload_source(source, page=int, n=int, dpi=float, scale=float, background=list[float], password=str, page_box=str | ForeignPdfPageBox, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -4610,13 +4610,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param password: Password to decrypt with
       :type password: str
       :param page_box: The region of the page to render
-      :type page_box: Union[str, ForeignPdfPageBox]
+      :type page_box: str | ForeignPdfPageBox
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -4666,12 +4666,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pngload(filename, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pngload(filename, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load png from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pngload(filename, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.pngload(filename, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -4680,9 +4680,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4690,12 +4690,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pngload_buffer(buffer, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pngload_buffer(buffer, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load png from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pngload_buffer(buffer, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.pngload_buffer(buffer, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -4704,20 +4704,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: pngload_source(source, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: pngload_source(source, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load png from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.pngload_source(source, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.pngload_source(source, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -4726,9 +4726,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -4840,21 +4840,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: ppmload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: ppmload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load ppm from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -4862,57 +4862,57 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: ppmload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: ppmload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load ppm from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: ppmload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: ppmload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load ppm from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.ppmload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: ppmsave(filename, format=Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat], ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: ppmsave(filename, format=str | ForeignPpmFormat, ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to ppm file.
       
       Example:
-          in.ppmsave(filename, format=Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat], ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.ppmsave(filename, format=str | ForeignPpmFormat, ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param format: Format to save in
-      :type format: Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat]
+      :type format: str | ForeignPpmFormat
       :param ascii: Save as ascii
       :type ascii: bool
       :param bitdepth: Set to 1 to write as a 1 bit image
@@ -4928,17 +4928,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: ppmsave_target(target, format=Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat], ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: ppmsave_target(target, format=str | ForeignPpmFormat, ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save to ppm.
       
       Example:
-          in.ppmsave_target(target, format=Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat], ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.ppmsave_target(target, format=str | ForeignPpmFormat, ascii=bool, bitdepth=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
       :param format: Format to save in
-      :type format: Union[str, ForeignPpmFormat]
+      :type format: str | ForeignPpmFormat
       :param ascii: Save as ascii
       :type ascii: bool
       :param bitdepth: Set to 1 to write as a 1 bit image
@@ -5032,21 +5032,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: radload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: radload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load a Radiance image from a file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.radload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.radload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -5054,41 +5054,41 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: radload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: radload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load rad from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.radload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.radload_buffer(buffer, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: radload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: radload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load rad from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.radload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.radload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -5168,12 +5168,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: rawload(filename, width, height, bands, offset=long, format=Union[str, BandFormat], interpretation=Union[str, Interpretation], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: rawload(filename, width, height, bands, offset=int, format=str | BandFormat, interpretation=str | Interpretation, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load raw data from a file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.rawload(filename, width, height, bands, offset=long, format=Union[str, BandFormat], interpretation=Union[str, Interpretation], memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.rawload(filename, width, height, bands, offset=int, format=str | BandFormat, interpretation=str | Interpretation, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -5184,17 +5184,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bands: Number of bands in image
       :type bands: int
       :param offset: Offset in bytes from start of file
-      :type offset: long
+      :type offset: int
       :param format: Pixel format in image
-      :type format: Union[str, BandFormat]
+      :type format: str | BandFormat
       :param interpretation: Pixel interpretation
-      :type interpretation: Union[str, Interpretation]
+      :type interpretation: str | Interpretation
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -5272,51 +5272,51 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: reduce(hshrink, vshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+   .. method:: reduce(hshrink, vshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       Reduce an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.reduce(hshrink, vshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+          out = in.reduce(hshrink, vshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       :param hshrink: Horizontal shrink factor
       :type hshrink: float
       :param vshrink: Vertical shrink factor
       :type vshrink: float
       :param kernel: Resampling kernel
-      :type kernel: Union[str, Kernel]
+      :type kernel: str | Kernel
       :param gap: Reducing gap
       :type gap: float
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: reduceh(hshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+   .. method:: reduceh(hshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       Shrink an image horizontally.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.reduceh(hshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+          out = in.reduceh(hshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       :param hshrink: Horizontal shrink factor
       :type hshrink: float
       :param kernel: Resampling kernel
-      :type kernel: Union[str, Kernel]
+      :type kernel: str | Kernel
       :param gap: Reducing gap
       :type gap: float
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: reducev(vshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+   .. method:: reducev(vshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       Shrink an image vertically.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.reducev(vshrink, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float)
+          out = in.reducev(vshrink, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float)
       
       :param vshrink: Vertical shrink factor
       :type vshrink: float
       :param kernel: Resampling kernel
-      :type kernel: Union[str, Kernel]
+      :type kernel: str | Kernel
       :param gap: Reducing gap
       :type gap: float
       :rtype: Image
@@ -5332,7 +5332,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param right: Right-hand image argument
       :type right: Image
       :param relational: Relational to perform
-      :type relational: Union[str, OperationRelational]
+      :type relational: str | OperationRelational
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -5344,7 +5344,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.relational_const(relational, c)
       
       :param relational: Relational to perform
-      :type relational: Union[str, OperationRelational]
+      :type relational: str | OperationRelational
       :param c: Array of constants
       :type c: list[float]
       :rtype: Image
@@ -5402,17 +5402,17 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: resize(scale, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float, vscale=float)
+   .. method:: resize(scale, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float, vscale=float)
       
       Resize an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.resize(scale, kernel=Union[str, Kernel], gap=float, vscale=float)
+          out = in.resize(scale, kernel=str | Kernel, gap=float, vscale=float)
       
       :param scale: Scale image by this factor
       :type scale: float
       :param kernel: Resampling kernel
-      :type kernel: Union[str, Kernel]
+      :type kernel: str | Kernel
       :param gap: Reducing gap
       :type gap: float
       :param vscale: Vertical scale image by this factor
@@ -5428,19 +5428,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.rot(angle)
       
       :param angle: Angle to rotate image
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle]
+      :type angle: str | Angle
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: rot45(angle=Union[str, Angle45])
+   .. method:: rot45(angle=str | Angle45)
       
       Rotate an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.rot45(angle=Union[str, Angle45])
+          out = in.rot45(angle=str | Angle45)
       
       :param angle: Angle to rotate image
-      :type angle: Union[str, Angle45]
+      :type angle: str | Angle45
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -5476,7 +5476,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
           out = in.round(round)
       
       :param round: Rounding operation to perform
-      :type round: Union[str, OperationRound]
+      :type round: str | OperationRound
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
@@ -5556,7 +5556,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Image height in pixels
       :type height: int
       :param shape: SDF shape to create
-      :type shape: Union[str, SdfShape]
+      :type shape: str | SdfShape
       :param r: Radius
       :type r: float
       :param a: Point a
@@ -5702,19 +5702,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: smartcrop(width, height, interesting=Union[str, Interesting], premultiplied=bool, attention_x=bool, attention_y=bool)
+   .. method:: smartcrop(width, height, interesting=str | Interesting, premultiplied=bool, attention_x=bool, attention_y=bool)
       
       Extract an area from an image.
       
       Example:
-          out = input.smartcrop(width, height, interesting=Union[str, Interesting], premultiplied=bool)
+          out = input.smartcrop(width, height, interesting=str | Interesting, premultiplied=bool)
       
       :param width: Width of extract area
       :type width: int
       :param height: Height of extract area
       :type height: int
       :param interesting: How to measure interestingness
-      :type interesting: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type interesting: str | Interesting
       :param premultiplied: Input image already has premultiplied alpha
       :type premultiplied: bool
       :param attention_x: enable output: Horizontal position of attention centre
@@ -5828,12 +5828,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: svgload(filename, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: svgload(filename, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load SVG with rsvg.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.svgload(filename, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.svgload(filename, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -5850,9 +5850,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -5860,12 +5860,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: svgload_buffer(buffer, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: svgload_buffer(buffer, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load SVG with rsvg.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.svgload_buffer(buffer, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.svgload_buffer(buffer, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -5882,20 +5882,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: svgload_source(source, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: svgload_source(source, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load svg from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.svgload_source(source, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.svgload_source(source, dpi=float, scale=float, unlimited=bool, stylesheet=str, high_bitdepth=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -5912,9 +5912,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -5956,12 +5956,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[] or list[Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: text(text, font=str, width=int, height=int, align=Union[str, Align], justify=bool, dpi=int, spacing=int, fontfile=str, rgba=bool, wrap=Union[str, TextWrap], autofit_dpi=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: text(text, font=str, width=int, height=int, align=str | Align, justify=bool, dpi=int, spacing=int, fontfile=str, rgba=bool, wrap=str | TextWrap, autofit_dpi=bool)
       
       Make a text image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.text(text, font=str, width=int, height=int, align=Union[str, Align], justify=bool, dpi=int, spacing=int, fontfile=str, rgba=bool, wrap=Union[str, TextWrap])
+          out = pyvips.Image.text(text, font=str, width=int, height=int, align=str | Align, justify=bool, dpi=int, spacing=int, fontfile=str, rgba=bool, wrap=str | TextWrap)
       
       :param text: Text to render
       :type text: str
@@ -5972,7 +5972,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Maximum image height in pixels
       :type height: int
       :param align: Align on the low, centre or high edge
-      :type align: Union[str, Align]
+      :type align: str | Align
       :param justify: Justify lines
       :type justify: bool
       :param dpi: DPI to render at
@@ -5984,18 +5984,18 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param rgba: Enable RGBA output
       :type rgba: bool
       :param wrap: Wrap lines on word or character boundaries
-      :type wrap: Union[str, TextWrap]
+      :type wrap: str | TextWrap
       :param autofit_dpi: enable output: DPI selected by autofit
       :type autofit_dpi: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail(filename, width, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail(filename, width, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       Generate thumbnail from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail(filename, width, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail(filename, width, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param filename: Filename to read from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6004,11 +6004,11 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Size to this height
       :type height: int
       :param size: Only upsize, only downsize, or both
-      :type size: Union[str, Size]
+      :type size: str | Size
       :param no_rotate: Don't use orientation tags to rotate image upright
       :type no_rotate: bool
       :param crop: Reduce to fill target rectangle, then crop
-      :type crop: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type crop: str | Interesting
       :param linear: Reduce in linear light
       :type linear: bool
       :param input_profile: Fallback input profile
@@ -6016,18 +6016,18 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param output_profile: Fallback output profile
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail_buffer(buffer, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail_buffer(buffer, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       Generate thumbnail from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail_buffer(buffer, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail_buffer(buffer, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -6038,11 +6038,11 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Size to this height
       :type height: int
       :param size: Only upsize, only downsize, or both
-      :type size: Union[str, Size]
+      :type size: str | Size
       :param no_rotate: Don't use orientation tags to rotate image upright
       :type no_rotate: bool
       :param crop: Reduce to fill target rectangle, then crop
-      :type crop: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type crop: str | Interesting
       :param linear: Reduce in linear light
       :type linear: bool
       :param input_profile: Fallback input profile
@@ -6050,29 +6050,29 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param output_profile: Fallback output profile
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: thumbnail_image(width, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+   .. method:: thumbnail_image(width, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       Generate thumbnail from image.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.thumbnail_image(width, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = in.thumbnail_image(width, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param width: Size to this width
       :type width: int
       :param height: Size to this height
       :type height: int
       :param size: Only upsize, only downsize, or both
-      :type size: Union[str, Size]
+      :type size: str | Size
       :param no_rotate: Don't use orientation tags to rotate image upright
       :type no_rotate: bool
       :param crop: Reduce to fill target rectangle, then crop
-      :type crop: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type crop: str | Interesting
       :param linear: Reduce in linear light
       :type linear: bool
       :param input_profile: Fallback input profile
@@ -6080,18 +6080,18 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param output_profile: Fallback output profile
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail_source(source, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+   .. staticmethod:: thumbnail_source(source, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       Generate thumbnail from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail_source(source, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=Union[str, Size], no_rotate=bool, crop=Union[str, Interesting], linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=Union[str, Intent], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.thumbnail_source(source, width, option_string=str, height=int, size=str | Size, no_rotate=bool, crop=str | Interesting, linear=bool, input_profile=str | Path, output_profile=str | Path, intent=str | Intent, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -6102,11 +6102,11 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param height: Size to this height
       :type height: int
       :param size: Only upsize, only downsize, or both
-      :type size: Union[str, Size]
+      :type size: str | Size
       :param no_rotate: Don't use orientation tags to rotate image upright
       :type no_rotate: bool
       :param crop: Reduce to fill target rectangle, then crop
-      :type crop: Union[str, Interesting]
+      :type crop: str | Interesting
       :param linear: Reduce in linear light
       :type linear: bool
       :param input_profile: Fallback input profile
@@ -6114,18 +6114,18 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param output_profile: Fallback output profile
       :type output_profile: str | Path
       :param intent: Rendering intent
-      :type intent: Union[str, Intent]
+      :type intent: str | Intent
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: tiffload(filename, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: tiffload(filename, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load tiff from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload(filename, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload(filename, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6142,9 +6142,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -6152,12 +6152,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: tiffload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: tiffload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load tiff from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -6174,20 +6174,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: tiffload_source(source, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: tiffload_source(source, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load tiff from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload_source(source, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.tiffload_source(source, page=int, n=int, autorotate=bool, subifd=int, unlimited=bool, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -6204,29 +6204,29 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: tiffsave(filename, compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: tiffsave(filename, compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to tiff file.
       
       Example:
-          in.tiffsave(filename, compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.tiffsave(filename, compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param compression: Compression for this file
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignTiffCompression
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param predictor: Compression prediction
-      :type predictor: Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor]
+      :type predictor: str | ForeignTiffPredictor
       :param tile: Write a tiled tiff
       :type tile: bool
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
@@ -6240,7 +6240,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bitdepth: Write as a 1, 2, 4 or 8 bit image
       :type bitdepth: int
       :param resunit: Resolution unit
-      :type resunit: Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit]
+      :type resunit: str | ForeignTiffResunit
       :param xres: Horizontal resolution in pixels/mm
       :type xres: float
       :param yres: Vertical resolution in pixels/mm
@@ -6250,13 +6250,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param properties: Write a properties document to IMAGEDESCRIPTION
       :type properties: bool
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param level: Deflate (1-9, default 6) or ZSTD (1-22, default 9) compression level
       :type level: int
       :param lossless: Enable WEBP lossless mode
       :type lossless: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param subifd: Save pyr layers as sub-IFDs
       :type subifd: bool
       :param premultiply: Save with premultiplied alpha
@@ -6272,19 +6272,19 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: tiffsave_buffer(compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: tiffsave_buffer(compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to tiff buffer.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.tiffsave_buffer(compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.tiffsave_buffer(compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param compression: Compression for this file
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignTiffCompression
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param predictor: Compression prediction
-      :type predictor: Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor]
+      :type predictor: str | ForeignTiffPredictor
       :param tile: Write a tiled tiff
       :type tile: bool
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
@@ -6298,7 +6298,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bitdepth: Write as a 1, 2, 4 or 8 bit image
       :type bitdepth: int
       :param resunit: Resolution unit
-      :type resunit: Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit]
+      :type resunit: str | ForeignTiffResunit
       :param xres: Horizontal resolution in pixels/mm
       :type xres: float
       :param yres: Vertical resolution in pixels/mm
@@ -6308,13 +6308,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param properties: Write a properties document to IMAGEDESCRIPTION
       :type properties: bool
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param level: Deflate (1-9, default 6) or ZSTD (1-22, default 9) compression level
       :type level: int
       :param lossless: Enable WEBP lossless mode
       :type lossless: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param subifd: Save pyr layers as sub-IFDs
       :type subifd: bool
       :param premultiply: Save with premultiplied alpha
@@ -6330,21 +6330,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: tiffsave_target(target, compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: tiffsave_target(target, compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to tiff target.
       
       Example:
-          in.tiffsave_target(target, compression=Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression], Q=int, predictor=Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor], tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit], xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=Union[str, RegionShrink], level=int, lossless=bool, depth=Union[str, ForeignDzDepth], subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.tiffsave_target(target, compression=str | ForeignTiffCompression, Q=int, predictor=str | ForeignTiffPredictor, tile=bool, tile_width=int, tile_height=int, pyramid=bool, miniswhite=bool, bitdepth=int, resunit=str | ForeignTiffResunit, xres=float, yres=float, bigtiff=bool, properties=bool, region_shrink=str | RegionShrink, level=int, lossless=bool, depth=str | ForeignDzDepth, subifd=bool, premultiply=bool, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
       :param compression: Compression for this file
-      :type compression: Union[str, ForeignTiffCompression]
+      :type compression: str | ForeignTiffCompression
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
       :param predictor: Compression prediction
-      :type predictor: Union[str, ForeignTiffPredictor]
+      :type predictor: str | ForeignTiffPredictor
       :param tile: Write a tiled tiff
       :type tile: bool
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
@@ -6358,7 +6358,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param bitdepth: Write as a 1, 2, 4 or 8 bit image
       :type bitdepth: int
       :param resunit: Resolution unit
-      :type resunit: Union[str, ForeignTiffResunit]
+      :type resunit: str | ForeignTiffResunit
       :param xres: Horizontal resolution in pixels/mm
       :type xres: float
       :param yres: Vertical resolution in pixels/mm
@@ -6368,13 +6368,13 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param properties: Write a properties document to IMAGEDESCRIPTION
       :type properties: bool
       :param region_shrink: Method to shrink regions
-      :type region_shrink: Union[str, RegionShrink]
+      :type region_shrink: str | RegionShrink
       :param level: Deflate (1-9, default 6) or ZSTD (1-22, default 9) compression level
       :type level: int
       :param lossless: Enable WEBP lossless mode
       :type lossless: bool
       :param depth: Pyramid depth
-      :type depth: Union[str, ForeignDzDepth]
+      :type depth: str | ForeignDzDepth
       :param subifd: Save pyr layers as sub-IFDs
       :type subifd: bool
       :param premultiply: Save with premultiplied alpha
@@ -6390,12 +6390,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: tilecache(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, max_tiles=int, access=Union[str, Access], threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
+   .. method:: tilecache(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, max_tiles=int, access=str | Access, threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
       
       Cache an image as a set of tiles.
       
       Example:
-          out = in.tilecache(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, max_tiles=int, access=Union[str, Access], threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
+          out = in.tilecache(tile_width=int, tile_height=int, max_tiles=int, access=str | Access, threaded=bool, persistent=bool)
       
       :param tile_width: Tile width in pixels
       :type tile_width: int
@@ -6404,7 +6404,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param max_tiles: Maximum number of tiles to cache
       :type max_tiles: int
       :param access: Expected access pattern
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param threaded: Allow threaded access
       :type threaded: bool
       :param persistent: Keep cache between evaluations
@@ -6464,12 +6464,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload(filename, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload(filename, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load a UHDR image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload(filename, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload(filename, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6478,9 +6478,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -6488,12 +6488,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load a UHDR image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload_buffer(buffer, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -6502,20 +6502,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload_source(source, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: uhdrload_source(source, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load a UHDR image.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload_source(source, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.uhdrload_source(source, shrink=int, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -6524,9 +6524,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -6616,21 +6616,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: vipsload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: vipsload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load vips from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.vipsload(filename, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.vipsload(filename, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -6638,21 +6638,21 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: vipsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: vipsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load vips from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.vipsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.vipsload_source(source, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
@@ -6698,12 +6698,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: webpload(filename, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: webpload(filename, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool, flags=bool)
       
       Load webp from file.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.webpload(filename, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], revalidate=bool)
+          out = pyvips.Image.webpload(filename, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, revalidate=bool)
       
       :param filename: Filename to load from
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6716,9 +6716,9 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param revalidate: Don't use a cached result for this operation
       :type revalidate: bool
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
@@ -6726,12 +6726,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: webpload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: webpload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load webp from buffer.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.webpload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.webpload_buffer(buffer, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param buffer: Buffer to load from
       :type buffer: bytes
@@ -6744,20 +6744,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. staticmethod:: webpload_source(source, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn], flags=bool)
+   .. staticmethod:: webpload_source(source, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn, flags=bool)
       
       Load webp from source.
       
       Example:
-          out = pyvips.Image.webpload_source(source, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=Union[str, Access], fail_on=Union[str, FailOn])
+          out = pyvips.Image.webpload_source(source, page=int, n=int, scale=float, memory=bool, access=str | Access, fail_on=str | FailOn)
       
       :param source: Source to load from
       :type source: Source
@@ -6770,20 +6770,20 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param memory: Force open via memory
       :type memory: bool
       :param access: Required access pattern for this file
-      :type access: Union[str, Access]
+      :type access: str | Access
       :param fail_on: Error level to fail on
-      :type fail_on: Union[str, FailOn]
+      :type fail_on: str | FailOn
       :param flags: enable output: Flags for this file
       :type flags: bool
       :rtype: Image or list[Image, Dict[str, mixed]]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: webpsave(filename, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: webpsave(filename, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as WebP.
       
       Example:
-          in.webpsave(filename, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.webpsave(filename, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param filename: Filename to save to
       :type filename: str | Path
@@ -6794,7 +6794,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param exact: Preserve color values from transparent pixels
       :type exact: bool
       :param preset: Preset for lossy compression
-      :type preset: Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset]
+      :type preset: str | ForeignWebpPreset
       :param smart_subsample: Enable high quality chroma subsampling
       :type smart_subsample: bool
       :param near_lossless: Enable preprocessing in lossless mode (uses Q)
@@ -6828,12 +6828,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: webpsave_buffer(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: webpsave_buffer(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as WebP.
       
       Example:
-          buffer = in.webpsave_buffer(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          buffer = in.webpsave_buffer(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -6842,7 +6842,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param exact: Preserve color values from transparent pixels
       :type exact: bool
       :param preset: Preset for lossy compression
-      :type preset: Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset]
+      :type preset: str | ForeignWebpPreset
       :param smart_subsample: Enable high quality chroma subsampling
       :type smart_subsample: bool
       :param near_lossless: Enable preprocessing in lossless mode (uses Q)
@@ -6876,12 +6876,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: bytes
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: webpsave_mime(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: webpsave_mime(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save image to webp mime.
       
       Example:
-          in.webpsave_mime(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.webpsave_mime(Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param Q: Q factor
       :type Q: int
@@ -6890,7 +6890,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param exact: Preserve color values from transparent pixels
       :type exact: bool
       :param preset: Preset for lossy compression
-      :type preset: Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset]
+      :type preset: str | ForeignWebpPreset
       :param smart_subsample: Enable high quality chroma subsampling
       :type smart_subsample: bool
       :param near_lossless: Enable preprocessing in lossless mode (uses Q)
@@ -6924,12 +6924,12 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :rtype: list[]
       :raises Error:
       
-   .. method:: webpsave_target(target, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+   .. method:: webpsave_target(target, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       Save as WebP.
       
       Example:
-          in.webpsave_target(target, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset], smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
+          in.webpsave_target(target, Q=int, lossless=bool, exact=bool, preset=str | ForeignWebpPreset, smart_subsample=bool, near_lossless=bool, alpha_q=int, min_size=bool, kmin=int, kmax=int, effort=int, target_size=int, mixed=bool, smart_deblock=bool, passes=int, keep=int, background=list[float], page_height=int, profile=str | Path)
       
       :param target: Target to save to
       :type target: Target
@@ -6940,7 +6940,7 @@ Autogenerated methods
       :param exact: Preserve color values from transparent pixels
       :type exact: bool
       :param preset: Preset for lossy compression
-      :type preset: Union[str, ForeignWebpPreset]
+      :type preset: str | ForeignWebpPreset
       :param smart_subsample: Enable high quality chroma subsampling
       :type smart_subsample: bool
       :param near_lossless: Enable preprocessing in lossless mode (uses Q)
diff --git a/examples/generate_type_stubs.py b/examples/generate_type_stubs.py
index d864d4a..836e3ce 100755
--- a/examples/generate_type_stubs.py
+++ b/examples/generate_type_stubs.py
@@ -228,6 +228,8 @@ def generate_stub() -> str:
 
 import numpy as np  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
 
+from PIL.Image import Image as PILImage  # type: ignore
+
 from .enums import {enums}
 
 class _ArrayInterface(Protocol):
@@ -258,6 +260,7 @@ def __array__(self, dtype: np.dtype | None = None, copy: bool | None = None) ->
 vips_lib: Any
 gobject_lib: Any
 
+
 # Exception classes
 class Error(Exception): ...
 
@@ -406,6 +409,7 @@ def copy(self, *, width: int = ..., height: int = ..., bands: int = ..., format:
     def tolist(self) -> list[list[float]]: ...
     def __array__(self, dtype: np.dtype | str | None = None, copy: bool | None = None) -> np.ndarray: ...
     def numpy(self, dtype: np.dtype | str | None = None) -> np.ndarray: ...
+    def pil(self) -> PILImage: ...
 
     # Hand-written bindings with type hints
     def floor(self) -> Image: ...
diff --git a/examples/watermark.py b/examples/watermark.py
index 9a7813a..2af0c83 100755
--- a/examples/watermark.py
+++ b/examples/watermark.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 # tile to the size of the image page, then tile again to the full image size
 text = text.embed(10, 10, text.width + 20, text.width + 20)
 page_height = im.get_page_height()
-text = text.replicate(int(1 + im.width / text.width), 
+text = text.replicate(int(1 + im.width / text.width),
                       int(1 + page_height / text.height))
 text = text.crop(0, 0, im.width, page_height)
 text = text.replicate(1, int(1 + im.height / text.height))
diff --git a/pyvips/__init__.pyi b/pyvips/__init__.pyi
index f831bdf..837dd2e 100644
--- a/pyvips/__init__.pyi
+++ b/pyvips/__init__.pyi
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ from typing import Any, Callable, Protocol, TypeAlias
 
 import numpy as np  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
 
+from PIL.Image import Image as PILImage  # type: ignore
+
 from .enums import Access as Access, Align as Align, Angle as Angle, Angle45 as Angle45, BandFormat as BandFormat, BlendMode as BlendMode, Coding as Coding, Combine as Combine, CombineMode as CombineMode, CompassDirection as CompassDirection, Direction as Direction, Extend as Extend, FailOn as FailOn, ForeignDzContainer as ForeignDzContainer, ForeignDzDepth as ForeignDzDepth, ForeignDzLayout as ForeignDzLayout, ForeignHeifCompression as ForeignHeifCompression, ForeignHeifEncoder as ForeignHeifEncoder, ForeignKeep as ForeignKeep, ForeignPdfPageBox as ForeignPdfPageBox, ForeignPngFilter as ForeignPngFilter, ForeignPpmFormat as ForeignPpmFormat, ForeignSubsample as ForeignSubsample, ForeignTiffCompression as ForeignTiffCompression, ForeignTiffPredictor as ForeignTiffPredictor, ForeignTiffResunit as ForeignTiffResunit, ForeignWebpPreset as ForeignWebpPreset, Intent as Intent, Interesting as Interesting, Interpretation as Interpretation, Kernel as Kernel, OperationBoolean as OperationBoolean, OperationComplex as OperationComplex, OperationComplex2 as OperationComplex2, OperationComplexget as OperationComplexget, OperationMath as OperationMath, OperationMath2 as OperationMath2, OperationMorphology as OperationMorphology, OperationRelational as OperationRelational, OperationRound as OperationRound, PCS as PCS, Precision as Precision, RegionShrink as RegionShrink, SdfShape as SdfShape, Size as Size, TextWrap as TextWrap
 
 class _ArrayInterface(Protocol):
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ glib_lib: Any
 vips_lib: Any
 gobject_lib: Any
 
+
 # Exception classes
 class Error(Exception): ...
 
@@ -199,6 +202,7 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     def tolist(self) -> list[list[float]]: ...
     def __array__(self, dtype: np.dtype | str | None = None, copy: bool | None = None) -> np.ndarray: ...
     def numpy(self, dtype: np.dtype | str | None = None) -> np.ndarray: ...
+    def pil(self) -> PILImage: ...
 
     # Hand-written bindings with type hints
     def floor(self) -> Image: ...
@@ -506,6 +510,11 @@ class Image(VipsObject):
     def msb(self, *, band: int = ...) -> Image: ...
     def multiply(self, right: Image) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
+    def niftiload(filename: str | Path, *, memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    @staticmethod
+    def niftiload_source(source: Source, *, memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
+    def niftisave(self, filename: str | Path, *, keep: int = ..., background: list[float] = ..., page_height: int = ..., profile: str | Path = ...) -> None: ...
+    @staticmethod
     def openexrload(filename: str | Path, *, memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
     @staticmethod
     def openslideload(filename: str | Path, *, level: int = ..., autocrop: bool = ..., associated: str = ..., attach_associated: bool = ..., rgb: bool = ..., memory: bool = ..., access: str | Access = ..., fail_on: str | FailOn = ..., revalidate: bool = ..., flags: bool = ...) -> Image: ...
diff --git a/pyvips/vimage.py b/pyvips/vimage.py
index 523718e..6684ef1 100644
--- a/pyvips/vimage.py
+++ b/pyvips/vimage.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 # wrap VipsImage
 
+import array
 import numbers
 import struct
+import sys
 
 import pyvips
 from pyvips import ffi, glib_lib, vips_lib, Error, _to_bytes, \
@@ -1279,6 +1281,57 @@ def numpy(self, dtype=None):
         """
         return self.__array__(dtype=dtype)
 
+    def pil(self):
+        """Convert the image to a PIL Image.
+
+        This uses :meth:`PIL.Image.fromarray` for most formats and falls back
+        to raw-mode conversion for formats not natively supported by that
+        method.
+
+        Notes:
+
+        - Pillow stores RGB/RGBA data as 8-bit, so 16-bit inputs will be
+          converted by keeping the high byte of each channel.
+        - Pillow expands LA inputs to RGBA by duplicating the L channel into
+          RGB.
+
+        PIL is a runtime dependency of this function.
+        """
+        try:
+            from PIL import Image as PILImage
+        except ImportError as err:
+            raise ImportError('PIL not available') from err
+
+        if self.bands == 1 or self.format != 'ushort':
+            return PILImage.fromarray(self.numpy())
+
+        data = self.write_to_memory()
+
+        if self.bands == 2:
+            mode = 'RGBA'
+            rawmode = 'LA;16B'
+            # Pillow only accepts LA;16B. Byteswap on little-endian systems.
+            if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+                swapped = array.array('H')
+                swapped.frombytes(data)
+                swapped.byteswap()
+                data = swapped.tobytes()
+        elif self.bands == 3:
+            mode = 'RGB'
+            rawmode = 'RGB;16L' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else 'RGB;16B'
+        elif self.bands == 4:
+            mode = 'RGBA'
+            rawmode = 'RGBA;16L' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else 'RGBA;16B'
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('PIL does not support 16-bit images ' +
+                             'with more than 4 bands')
+
+        return PILImage.frombytes(mode,
+                                  (self.width, self.height),
+                                  data,
+                                  'raw',
+                                  rawmode)
+
     def __repr__(self):
         if (
             self.interpretation == "matrix"
diff --git a/tests/test_image.py b/tests/test_image.py
index 023ca1a..878c4fb 100644
--- a/tests/test_image.py
+++ b/tests/test_image.py
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 # vim: set fileencoding=utf-8 :
 
+import struct
+import sys
+
 import pyvips
 import pytest
 from helpers import JPEG_FILE, UHDR_FILE, skip_if_no
@@ -394,6 +397,204 @@ def test_from_PIL(self):
         assert im.min() == 0
         assert im.max() == 0
 
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('numpy not available')
+
+        endian = '<' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+        data = struct.pack(
+            f'{endian}6H',
+            0x1234,
+            0x5678,
+            0x9ABC,
+            0xDEF0,
+            0x1111,
+            0x2222
+        )
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 3, 'ushort')
+
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGB'
+        assert pim.size == (2, 1)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0x12, 0x56, 0x9A)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (0xDE, 0x11, 0x22)
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_rawmode_rgb_rgba(self, monkeypatch):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image as PILImage
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('numpy not available')
+
+        seen = []
+
+        def fake_frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name, rawmode):
+            seen.append((mode, rawmode))
+            return PILImage.new(mode, size)
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(PILImage, "frombytes", fake_frombytes)
+
+        data = struct.pack('6H', 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x9ABC, 0xDEF0,
+                           0x1111, 0x2222)
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 3, 'ushort')
+        im.pil()
+
+        data = struct.pack('8H', 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x9ABC, 0xDEF0,
+                           0x1111, 0x2222, 0x3333, 0x4444)
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 4, 'ushort')
+        im.pil()
+
+        assert seen[0][0] == 'RGB'
+        assert seen[1][0] == 'RGBA'
+        assert seen[0][1] in ('RGB;16L', 'RGB;16B')
+        assert seen[1][1] in ('RGBA;16L', 'RGBA;16B')
+
+    def test_to_PIL_8bit_modes(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('numpy not available')
+
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(bytes([0, 128, 255, 64]),
+                                          2, 2, 1, 'uchar')
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'L'
+        assert pim.size == (2, 2)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == 0
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == 128
+
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(bytes([10, 20, 30, 40]),
+                                          2, 1, 2, 'uchar')
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'LA'
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (10, 20)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (30, 40)
+
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(bytes([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]),
+                                          2, 1, 3, 'uchar')
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGB'
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (1, 2, 3)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (4, 5, 6)
+
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(bytes([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]),
+                                          2, 1, 4, 'uchar')
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGBA'
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (1, 2, 3, 4)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (5, 6, 7, 8)
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_la(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('numpy not available')
+
+        endian = '<' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+        data = struct.pack(
+            f'{endian}4H',
+            0x1234,
+            0x5678,
+            0x9ABC,
+            0xDEF0
+        )
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 2, 'ushort')
+
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGBA'
+        assert pim.size == (2, 1)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0x12, 0x12, 0x12, 0x56)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (0x9A, 0x9A, 0x9A, 0xDE)
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_rgba(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('numpy not available')
+
+        endian = '<' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+        data = struct.pack(
+            f'{endian}8H',
+            0x1234,
+            0x5678,
+            0x9ABC,
+            0xDEF0,
+            0x1111,
+            0x2222,
+            0x3333,
+            0x4444
+        )
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 4, 'ushort')
+
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.mode == 'RGBA'
+        assert pim.size == (2, 1)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0x12, 0x56, 0x9A, 0xDE)
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == (0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44)
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_l(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('numpy not available')
+
+        endian = '<' if sys.byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+        data = struct.pack(f'{endian}2H', 0x1234, 0x9ABC)
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 2, 1, 1, 'ushort')
+
+        pim = im.pil()
+        assert pim.size == (2, 1)
+        assert pim.getpixel((0, 0)) == 0x1234
+        assert pim.getpixel((1, 0)) == 0x9ABC
+
+    def test_to_PIL_16bit_5band_unsupported(self):
+        try:
+            import PIL.Image        # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('PIL not available')
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np      # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            pytest.skip('numpy not available')
+
+        data = struct.pack('5H', 0x1111, 0x2222, 0x3333, 0x4444, 0x5555)
+        im = pyvips.Image.new_from_memory(data, 1, 1, 5, 'ushort')
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            im.pil()
+
     @skip_if_no('uhdrload')
     def test_gainmap(self):
         def crop_gainmap(image):