vault backup: 2026-04-17 18:44:25

Author: adielbm

notes/.obsidian/plugins/bibliography/data.json

@@ -332,5 +332,45 @@
       ]
     },
     "publisher": "Pearson"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "Petrucci, 2016",
+    "type": "book",
+    "ISBN": "9780132931281",
+    "title": "General Chemistry",
+    "author": [
+      {
+        "family": "Petrucci",
+        "given": "Ralph H."
+      },
+      {
+        "family": "Harwood",
+        "given": "William S."
+      },
+      {
+        "family": "Herring",
+        "given": "Geoffrey"
+      },
+      {
+        "family": "Harwood",
+        "given": "William S"
+      },
+      {
+        "family": "Herring",
+        "given": "Geoff E"
+      },
+      {
+        "family": "Madura",
+        "given": "Jeffry"
+      }
+    ],
+    "issued": {
+      "date-parts": [
+        [
+          2016
+        ]
+      ]
+    },
+    "publisher": "Pearson Education Australia"
   }
 ]

notes/Chemistry/Acids and bases.md

@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@
 - **conjugate acid**
 - **conjugate base**
 - conjugate acid base pairs
-- **weak acid**
+
+
 - **strong acid**: completely deprotonated in solution
 - **strong base**: completely protonated in solution
 	- completely dissociates to produce $\ce{OH^-}$ in water
+
 - **weak acid**: incompletely deprotonated in solution
 	- $\ce{HA <=> H+ + A-}$
 - **weak base**: incompletely protonated in solution

notes/Chemistry/Chemical kinetics.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 - **activation energy** (אנרגיית שפעול) $E_a$
 - **effective collision** (התנגשות פוריה)
 
-- **chemical equilibrium** (שיווי משקל כימי)
+- **chemical equilibrium** (שיווי משקל כימי, שיווי משקל דינמי)
 - **equilibrium reaction**
 	- "When the reactants in a chemical reaction are initially in a Boltzmann distribution the reaction is referred to as an equilibrium reaction." (IUPAC)
 - **dynamic equilibrium**

notes/Chemistry/Chemistry.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 		- [[Compounds|compound]]
 	- **mixture**
 - **chemical composition**
-- **chemical species** (צורון)
+- **chemical species** (צוּרון)
 
 - **chemical property**
 	- "observed as the matter is converted to a new substance" [@Denniston, 2022]
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@
 	- "a property that does depend on the quantity of matter" [@Denniston, 2022]
 
 
-- **stoichiometry**
-	- **stoichiometric amount** (or **stoichiometric ratio**)
 
 
 - **binding energy**

notes/Chemistry/Compounds.md

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 	- metal and nonmetal
 	- "a chemical compound consisting of an assembly of cations and anions, which results in a compound with no net electric charge. The constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds." (Wikipedia)
 	- "A compound that consists of ions in a ratio that results in overall electrical neutrality" [@Jones, 2016]
+	- ionic compounds are not molecules
 - **molecular compound** (or **covalant compound**)
 	- "consists of electrically neutral molecules" [@Jones, 2016]
 	- 2 nonmetals

notes/Chemistry/Electrolysis.md

@@ -1,12 +1,19 @@
 
 - **electrolysis** (אלקטרוליזה)
-	- **electrolyte** (אלקטרוליט)
-		- "A substance that produces ions when dissolved in water; its solution conducts electricity." [@Timberlake, 2017]
-		- "a substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions, but not through the movement of electrons" (Wikipedia)
-		- **strong electrolyte**
-		- **weak electrolyte**
-	- **nonelectrolyte**
-		- "A substance that dissolves in water as molecules; its solution does not conduct an electrical current." [@Timberlake, 2017]
+- **electrolyte** (אלקטרוליט)
+	- "A substance that produces ions when dissolved in water; its solution conducts electricity." [@Timberlake, 2017]
+	- "a substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions, but not through the movement of electrons" (Wikipedia)
+	- **strong electrolyte**
+	- **weak electrolyte**
+- **nonelectrolyte**
+	- "A substance that dissolves in water as molecules; its solution does not conduct an electrical current." [@Timberlake, 2017]
+
+- electrolyte identification #todo 
+	- soluble ionic compounds → strong electrolytes
+	- covalent compounds
+		- if ionize when dissolved in water → electrolytes
+		- not ionize → non-electrolytes 
+		- strong acid  → strong electrolyte
 
 # Electrochemical cell
 

notes/Chemistry/Gases.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 - **Dalton's law (of partial pressures)** $$\displaystyle \chi_{ i }=\frac {n_{ i }}{n}=\frac {p_{ i }}{p}$$
 	- **total pressure** $p=\sum _{i=1}^{n}p_{i}$
 	- **partial pressure** $p_i$
-	- $\displaystyle\chi_{ i }=\frac {n_{ i }}{n}$ is the [[Mole|mole fraction]]
+	- $\displaystyle\chi_{ i }=\frac {n_{ i }}{n}$ is the [[Mole#Related quantities|mole fraction]]
 
 
 # Henry's law

notes/Chemistry/Mole.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
         - $m$ is the mass of the substance (in $\mathrm{g}$)
         - $n$ is the number of moles of the substance (in $\mathrm{mol}$)
 
-- #toask is $1\,\mathrm{u}=1\,\mathrm{g/mol}$ or $1\,\mathrm{u}\approx 1\,\mathrm{g/mol}$
+
 
 # Concentration
 

notes/Chemistry/Nuclear chemistry.md

@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@
 			- UV, visible light, etc... 
 		- **particle radiation**
 			- **alpha radiation** (or **alpha rays**)
-				- **alpha decay** (or **α-decay**)
+				- **alpha decay** (or **α-decay**) $\ce{^{A}_{Z}X -> ^{A-4}_{Z-2}Y + ^{4}_{2}He}$
 			- **beta radiation** (or **beta ray**)
-				- **beta decay** (or **β-decay**)
-				- **positron emission** (or **beta plus decay**, **β+ decay**)
+				- **beta decay** (or **β-decay**) $\ce{^{A}_{Z}X -> ^{A}_{Z+1}Y + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e}$
+				- **positron emission** (or **beta plus decay**, **β+ decay**) $\ce{^{A}_{Z}X -> ^{A}_{Z-1}Y + e^+ + \nu_e}$
 			- proton radiation
-			- **neutron radiation**
+			- **neutron radiation** $\ce{^{A}_{Z}X -> ^{A-1}_{Z}Y + ^{1}_{0}n}$
 		- acoustic radiation
 		- **gravitational radiation**
 	- **ionizing radiation** and **non-ionizing radiation**
@@ -71,14 +71,16 @@
 	- absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
 	- SI unit: $\mathrm{Gy}$ 
 	- other units: $\mathrm{rad}$
-- **equivalent dose** ($H$)
-- **effective dose** ($E$)
+- **equivalent dose** ($H$) and **effective dose** ($E$)
+	- SI unit: $\mathrm{Sv}$
+	- other units: $\mathrm{rem}$ 
 - **becquerel** ($\mathrm{B}$) (בקרל) ($1\,\mathrm{B}=1\,\mathrm{s^{-1}}$) an activity of one per second on average
 - **curie** ($\mathrm{Cu}$), $1\,\mathrm{Cu}=3.7 \times 10^{10}\,\mathrm{B}$
 - **gray** ($\mathrm{Gy}$), $1\,\mathrm{Gy}=1\,\mathrm{J \cdot kg^{-1}}$
 - **rad** ($\mathrm{rad}$), $1\,\mathrm{rad}=0.01\,\mathrm{Gy}$
 - **röntgen** (or **roentgen**) ($\mathrm{R}$), $1\,\mathrm{R}=2.58 \times 10^{-4}\,\mathrm{C/kg}$
-- **roentgen equivalent man** (**rem**), $1\,\mathrm{rem}=\mathrm{m^2 / s^{-2}}$
+- **roentgen equivalent man** (**rem**), $1\,\mathrm{rem}=10^{-2}\,\mathrm{Sv}$
+- **sievert** ($\mathrm{Sv}$), $1\,\mathrm{Sv}=1\,\mathrm{m^{2} \cdot s^{-2} }$
 - **median lethal dose** ($\text{LD}_{50}$)
 	- "the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration" (Wikipedia)
 	- $\approx 500\,\mathrm{rem}$

notes/Chemistry/Reactions.md

@@ -1,14 +1,21 @@
 
+
 - **reactant** (מגיב)
 - **reagent** (מגיב, רֵיאָגנט)
 
+
+# Chemical equation
+
 - chemical equation
 	- balanced equation
 	- molecular equation
 	- ionic equation
 		- complete ionic equation
 		- net ionic equation
 
+# Chemical reaction
+
+
 - **combination reaction** (תגובת הרכבה) 
 	- Two or more reactants combine to form a single product.
 	- $\ce{A + B -> AB}$
@@ -19,16 +26,37 @@
 		- $\ce{CaCO3(s) ->[\Delta] CaO(s) + CO2(g)}$
 - **single displacement reaction** (or **(single) substitution reaction**) (תגובת התמרה יחידה)
 	- **double displacement reaction** (or **salt metathesis reaction**) (תגובת התמרה כפולה)
-
-- **combustion reaction**: A substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of heat and light.
-	- $\ce{CH + O2 -> CO2 + H2O}$
-
 - [[Acids and bases|acid–base reaction]]
 	- neutralization
 - [[redox]]
+	- [[Redox#Combustion|combustion]]
 - **condensation reaction** (תגובת דחיסה)
-- **chemical equilibrium** (שיווי משקל כימי, שיווי משקל דינמי)
-
+- **precipitation** (תגובת שיקוע, פְּרֶסיפּיטציה)
+	- $\ce{AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) -> \underset{ precipitate }{ AgCl(s) v } + NaNO3(aq)}$
+	- **precipitate** (_noun_) `/-tət/` (משקע)
+		- the insoluble product
+	- **precipitate** (_verb_) `/-teɪt/`
+	- **precipitant** 
+		- (_adj_.) "that causes precipitation" (Wiktionary)
+		- (_noun_) "A substance that, when added to a solution, causes a dissolved substance to form a precipitate." (Wiktionary)
+- **hydrolysis** (הידרוליזה, תהליך הידרוליטי, הִדְרוּל)
+
+# Stoichiometry
+
+- **stoichiometry**
+- **stoichiometric amount** (or **stoichiometric ratio**)
+	- the exact quantity required to react completely with another substance, with no excess
+- **stoichiometric**
+- reaction stoichiometry
+- stoichiometric relation
+- stoichiometric coefficient
+	- the numbers written in front of each species in a balanced chemical equation
+
+# misc
+
+- [[Chemical kinetics|chemical equilibrium]]
+- [[Chemical kinetics|equilibrium reaction]]
+- **organic reactions**