diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fad94379..f6c2cca0 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -180,8 +180,28 @@ getXrayState
 
 ## controller
 
+### Socket protect
+
 Used to solve the socket protect problem on Android.
 
+### Process finder (per-app routing)
+
+`ConnectivityManager.getConnectionOwnerUid()` is API 30+. On older Android
+libXray falls back to parsing `/proc/net/{tcp,udp}{,6}` in pure Go.
+
+Usage (Java/Kotlin):
+
+```java
+ProcessFinder finder = new ProcessFinder() {
+    @Override
+    public long findProcessByConnection(String network, String srcIP, long srcPort,
+                                         String destIP, long destPort) {
+        return -1; // return UID or -1
+    }
+};
+LibXray.registerProcessFinder(finder, Build.VERSION.SDK_INT);
+```
+
 ## geo
 
 ### count
diff --git a/android_wrapper.go b/android_wrapper.go
index 3000f2fc..88dfe24a 100644
--- a/android_wrapper.go
+++ b/android_wrapper.go
@@ -8,18 +8,10 @@ type DialerController interface {
 	ProtectFd(int) bool
 }
 
-// ProcessFinder is an interface for Android process finding functionality.
-// Apps should implement FindProcessByConnection()
-// and pass the implementation to RegisterProcessFinder() before starting the core.
+// ProcessFinder -> implemented by apps to resolve UID from connection details.
+// See RegisterProcessFinder.
 type ProcessFinder interface {
-	// FindProcessByConnection finds the UID of the process that owns the given connection.
-	//
-	// network: Protocol type: "tcp" or "udp"
-	// srcIP: Source IP address
-	// srcPort: Source port
-	// destIP: Destination IP address
-	// destPort: Destination port
-	// Returns the UID of the owning process, or -1 if not found.
+	// FindProcessByConnection -> returns UID owning the connection, or -1.
 	FindProcessByConnection(network, srcIP string, srcPort int, destIP string, destPort int) int
 }
 
@@ -35,17 +27,18 @@ func RegisterListenerController(controller DialerController) {
 	})
 }
 
-// RegisterProcessFinder registers an Android process finder with Xray-core,
-// enabling per-app routing based on UID. Must be called before starting the
-// core for process-based routing rules to work.
-// Pass nil to unregister a previously registered finder.
-func RegisterProcessFinder(finder ProcessFinder) {
+// RegisterProcessFinder -> registers process finder for per-app routing.
+// Pass nil to unregister.
+// sdkVersion = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT.
+// On API < 30, /proc/net/* parsing is used automatically; the Java callback
+// is only called on API 30+.
+func RegisterProcessFinder(finder ProcessFinder, sdkVersion int) {
 	if finder == nil {
-		c.RegisterProcessFinder(nil)
+		c.RegisterProcessFinder(nil, 0)
 		return
 	}
 
 	c.RegisterProcessFinder(func(network, srcIP string, srcPort int, destIP string, destPort int) int {
 		return finder.FindProcessByConnection(network, srcIP, srcPort, destIP, destPort)
-	})
+	}, sdkVersion)
 }
diff --git a/controller/controller_android.go b/controller/controller_android.go
index 82dc0b67..19573767 100644
--- a/controller/controller_android.go
+++ b/controller/controller_android.go
@@ -10,27 +10,34 @@ import (
 	xinternet "github.com/xtls/xray-core/transport/internet"
 )
 
-// Give a callback before connection beginning. Useful for Android development.
-// It depends on xray:api:beta
+// RegisterDialerController -> callback before connection begins.
+// Depends on xray:api:beta
 func RegisterDialerController(controller func(fd uintptr)) {
 	xinternet.RegisterDialerController(func(network, address string, conn syscall.RawConn) error {
 		return conn.Control(controller)
 	})
 }
 
-// Give a callback before listener beginning. Useful for Android development.
-// It depends on xray:api:beta
+// RegisterListenerController -> callback before listener begins.
+// Depends on xray:api:beta
 func RegisterListenerController(controller func(fd uintptr)) {
 	xinternet.RegisterListenerController(func(network, address string, conn syscall.RawConn) error {
 		return conn.Control(controller)
 	})
 }
 
-// RegisterProcessFinder registers an Android process finder with Xray-core,
-// enabling per-app routing based on UID. Must be called before starting the
-// core for process-based routing rules to work.
-// Pass nil to unregister a previously registered finder.
-func RegisterProcessFinder(finder func(network, srcIP string, srcPort int, destIP string, destPort int) int) {
+// sdkThresholdGetConnectionOwner -> min API level for getConnectionOwnerUid().
+// Below this we use /proc/net/* parsing.
+const sdkThresholdGetConnectionOwner = 30
+
+var androidSdkVersion int
+
+// RegisterProcessFinder -> registers process finder for per-app routing.
+// Pass nil to unregister. sdkVersion = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT.
+// When SDK < 30, falls back to /proc/net/* parsing (pure Go).
+func RegisterProcessFinder(finder func(network, srcIP string, srcPort int, destIP string, destPort int) int, sdkVersion int) {
+	androidSdkVersion = sdkVersion
+
 	if finder == nil {
 		corenet.RegisterAndroidProcessFinder(nil)
 		return
@@ -41,6 +48,13 @@ func RegisterProcessFinder(finder func(network, srcIP string, srcPort int, destI
 			return 0, "", "", fmt.Errorf("process finder: no destination for %s %s:%d", network, srcIP, srcPort)
 		}
 
+		if androidSdkVersion > 0 && androidSdkVersion < sdkThresholdGetConnectionOwner {
+			uid, err := resolveUidFromProc(network, srcIP, int(srcPort), destIP, int(destPort))
+			if err == nil {
+				return uid, fmt.Sprintf("%d", uid), "", nil
+			}
+		}
+
 		uid := finder(network, srcIP, int(srcPort), destIP, int(destPort))
 		return uid, fmt.Sprintf("%d", uid), "", nil
 	})
diff --git a/controller/proc_resolver_android.go b/controller/proc_resolver_android.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..928c12f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/controller/proc_resolver_android.go
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+//go:build android
+
+package controller
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// /proc/net/* UID resolver. Used when getConnectionOwnerUid() (API 30+) is
+// unavailable. UID is read directly from the connection line - no inode->PID
+// chain needed. Matches PCAPdroid uid_resolver.c:
+//
+//	https://github.com/emanuele-f/PCAPdroid/blob/master/app/src/main/jni/common/uid_resolver.c
+//
+// /proc/net/{tcp,udp} field layout (after strings.Fields):
+//
+//	[0] sl  [1] local_address  [2] rem_address  [3] st
+//	[4] tx_queue:rx_queue  [5] tr:tm->when  [6] retrnsmt
+//	[7] uid  [8] timeout  [9] inode
+
+// resolveUidFromProc -> tries IPv4 first, falls back to IPv4-mapped IPv6
+// (matching PCAPdroid get_uid_slow).
+func resolveUidFromProc(network, srcIP string, srcPort int, destIP string, destPort int) (int, error) {
+	ip := net.ParseIP(srcIP)
+	if ip == nil {
+		return -1, fmt.Errorf("bad src IP %s", srcIP)
+	}
+
+	if ip4 := ip.To4(); ip4 != nil {
+		uid, err := resolve4(network, ip4, srcPort, destIP, destPort)
+		if err == nil {
+			return uid, nil
+		}
+		// PCAPdroid: sprintf("0000000000000000FFFF0000%08X", ip4)
+		// Catches IPv4 conns shown in tcp6/udp6.
+		mapped := make([]byte, 16)
+		copy(mapped[10:], []byte{0xFF, 0xFF})
+		copy(mapped[12:], ip4)
+		return resolve6(network, mapped, srcPort, destIP, destPort)
+	}
+
+	ip16 := ip.To16()
+	if ip16 != nil {
+		return resolve6(network, ip16, srcPort, destIP, destPort)
+	}
+
+	return -1, fmt.Errorf("bad IP family for %s", srcIP)
+}
+
+func resolve4(network string, ip4 []byte, srcPort int, destIP string, destPort int) (int, error) {
+	procFile := procFilePath(network, false)
+	if procFile == "" {
+		return -1, fmt.Errorf("unsupported network %s", network)
+	}
+	targetHex, _ := formatHexAddr4(ip4, srcPort)
+	destHex, _ := formatDestHex(destIP, destPort, false)
+	return findUidInProcFile(procFile, targetHex, destHex)
+}
+
+func resolve6(network string, ip16 []byte, srcPort int, destIP string, destPort int) (int, error) {
+	procFile := procFilePath(network, true)
+	if procFile == "" {
+		return -1, fmt.Errorf("unsupported network %s", network)
+	}
+	targetHex, _ := formatHexAddr6(ip16, srcPort)
+	destHex, _ := formatDestHex(destIP, destPort, true)
+	return findUidInProcFile(procFile, targetHex, destHex)
+}
+
+func procFilePath(network string, v6 bool) string {
+	switch network {
+	case "tcp":
+		if v6 {
+			return "/proc/net/tcp6"
+		}
+		return "/proc/net/tcp"
+	case "udp":
+		if v6 {
+			return "/proc/net/udp6"
+		}
+		return "/proc/net/udp"
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
+// formatDestHex -> format dest IP:port for matching. Returns "" if dest
+// info is missing (match any remote).
+func formatDestHex(destIP string, destPort int, v6 bool) (string, error) {
+	ip := net.ParseIP(destIP)
+	if ip == nil || destPort <= 0 {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	if v6 {
+		if ip16 := ip.To16(); ip16 != nil {
+			return formatHexAddr6(ip16, destPort)
+		}
+		if ip4 := ip.To4(); ip4 != nil {
+			mapped := make([]byte, 16)
+			copy(mapped[10:], []byte{0xFF, 0xFF})
+			copy(mapped[12:], ip4)
+			return formatHexAddr6(mapped, destPort)
+		}
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	if ip4 := ip.To4(); ip4 != nil {
+		return formatHexAddr4(ip4, destPort)
+	}
+	return "", nil
+}
+
+// /proc/net/* stores IPs per 32-bit word in little-endian byte order.
+// PCAPdroid casts in6_addr to uint32_t[4] on LE hardware; we replicate
+// that here.
+
+func formatHexAddr4(ip4 []byte, port int) (string, error) {
+	b := make([]byte, 4)
+	copy(b, ip4)
+	for i, j := 0, 3; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
+		b[i], b[j] = b[j], b[i]
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%04X", strings.ToUpper(hex.EncodeToString(b)), port), nil
+}
+
+func formatHexAddr6(ip16 []byte, port int) (string, error) {
+	words := make([]string, 4)
+	for w := 0; w < 4; w++ {
+		off := w * 4
+		b := []byte{ip16[off+3], ip16[off+2], ip16[off+1], ip16[off+0]}
+		words[w] = strings.ToUpper(hex.EncodeToString(b))
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%04X", strings.Join(words, ""), port), nil
+}
+
+// allZeros -> true if s is all '0' characters.
+func allZeros(s string) bool {
+	for _, c := range s {
+		if c != '0' {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return len(s) > 0
+}
+
+// findUidInProcFile -> scans /proc/net/{tcp,udp,..} for a line matching
+// (targetHex, destHex).  Matching per PCAPdroid get_uid_proc:
+//
+//   sport == src_port
+//   (dport == dst_port || dport == 0)
+//   (dhex == conn_dhex || dhex == zero)
+//   (shex == conn_shex || shex == zero)
+//
+// where shex/dhex/sport/dport are from /proc and
+// conn_shex/conn_dhex/src_port/dst_port are our connection args.
+func findUidInProcFile(filePath, targetHex, destHex string) (int, error) {
+	f, err := os.Open(filePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return -1, err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	s := bufio.NewScanner(f)
+	first := true
+	for s.Scan() {
+		if first {
+			first = false
+			continue
+		}
+
+		fields := strings.Fields(s.Text())
+		if len(fields) < 8 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Split hex:port into parts for independent matching.
+		loc := strings.SplitN(fields[1], ":", 2)
+		tgt := strings.SplitN(targetHex, ":", 2)
+		if len(loc) != 2 || len(tgt) != 2 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// sport == src_port
+		if loc[1] != tgt[1] {
+			continue
+		}
+		// shex == conn_shex || shex == zero
+		if loc[0] != tgt[0] && !allZeros(loc[0]) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Match remote when we have a dest filter.
+		if destHex != "" {
+			rem := strings.SplitN(fields[2], ":", 2)
+			dst := strings.SplitN(destHex, ":", 2)
+			if len(rem) != 2 || len(dst) != 2 {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// dport == dst_port || dport == 0
+			if rem[1] != dst[1] && rem[1] != "0000" {
+				continue
+			}
+			// dhex == conn_dhex || dhex == zero
+			if rem[0] != dst[0] && !allZeros(rem[0]) {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		uid, err := strconv.Atoi(fields[7])
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		return uid, nil
+	}
+
+	return -1, fmt.Errorf("not found in %s", filePath)
+}
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 09946bb2..3a71b73e 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -41,13 +41,14 @@ require (
 	go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20231129151722-fdeea329fbba // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240506185415-9bf2ced13842 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.37.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260709172247-6129f5bee9d5 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.38.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.57.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.40.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.14.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.47.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.48.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20250521234502-f333402bd9cb // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v1.0.1 // indirect
@@ -57,3 +58,5 @@ require (
 	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20260122175437-89a5d21be8f0 // indirect
 	lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.4.1 // indirect
 )
+
+tool golang.org/x/mobile/cmd/gobind
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 65df90a0..962ff921 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -96,8 +96,12 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0 h1:YLIA59K4fiNzHzjnZt2tUJQjQtUWfWbeHBqKtk3eScw=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0/go.mod h1:KWL8ny2AZdGR2cWmzeHrp2azQPGogOv+HeQaVEXC2dk=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240506185415-9bf2ced13842 h1:vr/HnozRka3pE4EsMEg1lgkXJkTFJCVUX+S/ZT6wYzM=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240506185415-9bf2ced13842/go.mod h1:XtvwrStGgqGPLc4cjQfWqZHG1YFdYs6swckp8vpsjnc=
+golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260709172247-6129f5bee9d5 h1:Mn1OzFmF0ZKX/ZayHz/UdnWHufPp1wlD9lZ5U8LRDFY=
+golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260709172247-6129f5bee9d5/go.mod h1:YX+n47s+53POxN3dx9cIGxG3hGUm/lD64hvrRJFbcSA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.37.0 h1:vF1DjpVEshcIqoEaauuHebaLk1O1forxjxBaVn884JQ=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.37.0/go.mod h1:m8S8VeM9r4dzDwjrKO0a1sZP3YjeMamRRlD+fmR2Q/0=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.38.0 h1:MECBjubtXD7yj4HrhIUcywNaGeNVUdfVnxmPajOk4yk=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.38.0/go.mod h1:V6Xz0pq8TQ3dGqVQ1FVHuelZpAL0uNhSkk9ogYP3c40=
 golang.org/x/net v0.57.0 h1:K5+3DljvIuDG9/Jv9rvyMywYNFCQ9RSUY6OOTTkT+tE=
 golang.org/x/net v0.57.0/go.mod h1:KpXc8iv+r3XplLAG/f7Jsf9RPszJzdR0f58q9vGOuEU=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0 h1:SZjpbeLmrCk4xhRSZFNZW5gFUeCeFgjekvI/+gfScek=
@@ -112,6 +116,8 @@ golang.org/x/time v0.14.0 h1:MRx4UaLrDotUKUdCIqzPC48t1Y9hANFKIRpNx+Te8PI=
 golang.org/x/time v0.14.0/go.mod h1:eL/Oa2bBBK0TkX57Fyni+NgnyQQN4LitPmob2Hjnqw4=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.47.0 h1:7Kn5x/d1svx/PzryTsqeoZN4TZwqeH5pGWjefhLi/1Q=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.47.0/go.mod h1:dFHnyTvFWY212G+h7ZY4Vsp/K3U4/7W9TyVaAul8uCA=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.48.0 h1:3+hClM1aLL5mjMKm5ovokw9epgRXPuu2tILgismM6RE=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.48.0/go.mod h1:08xX0orndb/F7jJxGDicx061tyd5pcMto75YMAXr6lk=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 h1:B82qJJgjvYKsXS9jeunTOisW56dUokqW/FOteYJJ/yg=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2/go.mod h1:deeaetjYA+DHMHg+sMSMI58GrEteJUUzzw7en6TJQcI=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20250521234502-f333402bd9cb h1:whnFRlWMcXI9d+ZbWg+4sHnLp52d5yiIPUxMBSt4X9A=