Vulnerable Library - capybara-3.27.0.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Vulnerabilities
| Vulnerability |
Severity |
 CVSS |
Exploit Maturity |
EPSS |
Dependency |
Type |
Fixed in (capybara version) |
Remediation Possible** |
Reachability |
| CVE-2022-30123 |
 Critical |
10.0 |
Not Defined |
1.801% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| WS-2022-0089 |
 High |
8.8 |
Not Defined |
|
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2021-3518 |
High |
8.8 |
Not Defined |
3.653% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2021-30560 |
High |
8.8 |
Not Defined |
21.623% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2021-3517 |
High |
8.6 |
Not Defined |
8.28% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2020-8161 |
High |
8.6 |
Not Defined |
3.593% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2022-29181 |
High |
8.2 |
Not Defined |
3.078% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-35611 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.36% |
addressable-2.6.0.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-34829 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.369% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-34785 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.387% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-22860 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.665% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-61919 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.605% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-61772 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.868% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-61771 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.528% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-61770 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.868% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-59830 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.535% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-46727 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
0.911% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-27610 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
1.068% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2024-34459 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
2.298% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2023-27530 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
1.83% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2022-44572 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
1.617% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2022-44571 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
1.503% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2022-44570 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
1.626% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2022-30122 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
2.056% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2022-24836 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
3.549% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2021-41098 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
1.374% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2021-32740 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
2.199% |
addressable-2.6.0.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2020-8184 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
2.938% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2018-25032 |
High |
7.5 |
Not Defined |
52.063% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-57235 |
 Medium |
6.5 |
Not Defined |
0.331% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-25184 |
Medium |
6.5 |
Not Defined |
1.142% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-57438 |
Medium |
6.2 |
Not Defined |
0.093% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-34830 |
Medium |
5.9 |
Not Defined |
0.209% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2021-3537 |
Medium |
5.9 |
Not Defined |
3.503% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-61780 |
Medium |
5.8 |
Not Defined |
0.434% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2024-26141 |
Medium |
5.8 |
Not Defined |
1.612% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-25500 |
Medium |
5.4 |
Not Defined |
0.224% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-57437 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.312% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-57436 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.312% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-57435 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.357% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-57434 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.357% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-57236 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.331% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-34826 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.38% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-34786 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.195% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-34763 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.24% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-34230 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.43% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-27111 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
0.699% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2024-26146 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
1.996% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2024-25126 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
35.376% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2023-27539 |
Medium |
5.3 |
Not Defined |
1.081% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-34831 |
Medium |
4.8 |
Not Defined |
0.147% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-32441 |
Medium |
4.2 |
Not Defined |
0.201% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-26961 |
 Low |
3.7 |
Not Defined |
0.253% |
rack-2.0.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2025-6490 |
Low |
3.3 |
Proof of concept |
0.152% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2026-57234 |
Low |
2.6 |
Not Defined |
0.166% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
| CVE-2020-26247 |
Low |
2.6 |
Not Defined |
1.109% |
nokogiri-1.10.8.gem |
Transitive |
N/A* |
❌ |
|
*For some transitive vulnerabilities, there is no version of direct dependency with a fix. Check the "Details" section below to see if there is a version of transitive dependency where vulnerability is fixed.
**In some cases, Remediation PR cannot be created automatically for a vulnerability despite the availability of remediation
Details
Partial details (16 vulnerabilities) are displayed below due to a content size limitation in GitHub. To view information on the remaining vulnerabilities, navigate to the Mend Application.
CVE-2022-30123
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
A sequence injection vulnerability exists in Rack <2.0.9.1, <2.1.4.1 and <2.2.3.1 which could allow is a possible shell escape in the Lint and CommonLogger components of Rack.
Publish Date: 2022-12-05
URL: CVE-2022-30123
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 1.801%
CVSS 3 Score Details (10.0)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Changed
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-wq4h-7r42-5hrr
Release Date: 2022-12-05
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.0.9.1,2.1.4.1,2.2.3.1
WS-2022-0089
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among
Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath
or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Summary Nokogiri "v1.13.2" (https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/releases/tag/v1.13.2) upgrades two of its packaged dependencies: - vendored libxml2 from v2.9.12 to "v2.9.13" (https://download.gnome.org/sources/libxml2/2.9/libxml2-2.9.13.news) - vendored libxslt from v1.1.34 to "v1.1.35" (https://download.gnome.org/sources/libxslt/1.1/libxslt-1.1.35.news) Those library versions address the following upstream CVEs: - libxslt: "CVE-2021-30560" (https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30560) (CVSS 8.8, High severity) - libxml2: "CVE-2022-23308" (https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23308) (Unspecified severity, see more information below) Those library versions also address numerous other issues including performance improvements, regression fixes, and bug fixes, as well as memory leaks and other use-after-free issues that were not assigned CVEs. Please note that this advisory only applies to the CRuby implementation of Nokogiri "< 1.13.2", and only if the packaged libraries are being used. If you've overridden defaults at installation time to use system libraries instead of packaged libraries, you should instead pay attention to your distro's "libxml2" and "libxslt" release announcements. Mitigation Upgrade to Nokogiri ">= 1.13.2". Users who are unable to upgrade Nokogiri may also choose a more complicated mitigation: compile and link an older version Nokogiri against external libraries libxml2 ">= 2.9.13" and libxslt ">= 1.1.35", which will also address these same CVEs. Impact libxslt "CVE-2021-30560" (https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30560) - CVSS3 score: 8.8 (High) - Fixed by https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxslt/-/commit/50f9c9c All versions of libxslt prior to v1.1.35 are affected. Applications using untrusted XSL stylesheets to transform XML are vulnerable to a denial-of-service attack and should be upgraded immediately. libxml2 "CVE-2022-23308" (https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23308) - As of the time this security advisory was published, there is no officially published information available about this CVE's severity. The above NIST link does not yet have a published record, and the libxml2 maintainer has declined to provide a severity score. - Fixed by https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxml2/-/commit/652dd12 - Further explanation is at https://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/2022-February/msg00015.html The upstream commit and the explanation linked above indicate that an application may be vulnerable to a denial of service, memory disclosure, or code execution if it parses an untrusted document with parse options "DTDVALID" set to true, and "NOENT" set to false. An analysis of these parse options: - While "NOENT" is off by default for Document, DocumentFragment, Reader, and Schema parsing, it is on by default for XSLT (stylesheet) parsing in Nokogiri v1.12.0 and later. - "DTDVALID" is an option that Nokogiri does not set for any operations, and so this CVE applies only to applications setting this option explicitly. It seems reasonable to assume that any application explicitly setting the parse option "DTDVALID" when parsing untrusted documents is vulnerable and should be upgraded immediately.
Publish Date: 2026-05-28
URL: WS-2022-0089
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS:
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.8)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: Required
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-fq42-c5rg-92c2
Release Date: 2024-12-05
Fix Resolution: nokogiri - v1.13.2
CVE-2021-3518
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among
Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath
or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
There's a flaw in libxml2 in versions before 2.9.11. An attacker who is able to submit a crafted file to be processed by an application linked with libxml2 could trigger a use-after-free. The greatest impact from this flaw is to confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Publish Date: 2021-05-18
URL: CVE-2021-3518
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 3.653%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.8)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: Required
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-3518
Release Date: 2021-05-18
Fix Resolution: libxml2 - 2.9.12
CVE-2021-30560
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among
Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath
or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Use after free in Blink XSLT in Google Chrome prior to 91.0.4472.164 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.
Publish Date: 2021-08-03
URL: CVE-2021-30560
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 21.623%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.8)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: Required
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2021-30560
Release Date: 2021-08-03
Fix Resolution: v1.1.35,libxslt - 1.1.35
CVE-2021-3517
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among
Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath
or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
There is a flaw in the xml entity encoding functionality of libxml2 in versions before 2.9.11. An attacker who is able to supply a crafted file to be processed by an application linked with the affected functionality of libxml2 could trigger an out-of-bounds read. The most likely impact of this flaw is to application availability, with some potential impact to confidentiality and integrity if an attacker is able to use memory information to further exploit the application.
Publish Date: 2021-05-19
URL: CVE-2021-3517
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 8.28%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.6)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: Low
- Integrity Impact: Low
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-3517
Release Date: 2021-05-19
Fix Resolution: libxml2 - 2.9.12
CVE-2020-8161
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
A directory traversal vulnerability exists in rack < 2.2.0 that allows an attacker perform directory traversal vulnerability in the Rack::Directory app that is bundled with Rack which could result in information disclosure.
Publish Date: 2020-07-02
URL: CVE-2020-8161
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 3.593%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.6)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Changed
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Release Date: 2020-07-02
Fix Resolution: 2.2.0,2.1.3
CVE-2022-29181
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among
Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath
or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Nokogiri is an open source XML and HTML library for Ruby. Nokogiri prior to version 1.13.6 does not type-check all inputs into the XML and HTML4 SAX parsers, allowing specially crafted untrusted inputs to cause illegal memory access errors (segfault) or reads from unrelated memory. Version 1.13.6 contains a patch for this issue. As a workaround, ensure the untrusted input is a "String" by calling "#to_s" or equivalent.
Publish Date: 2022-05-20
URL: CVE-2022-29181
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 3.078%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.2)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: Low
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2022-29181
Release Date: 2022-05-20
Fix Resolution: nokogiri - 1.13.6
CVE-2026-35611
Vulnerable Library - addressable-2.6.0.gem
Addressable is a replacement for the URI implementation that is part of
Ruby's standard library. It more closely conforms to the relevant RFCs and
adds support for IRIs and URI templates.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/addressable-2.6.0.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/addressable-2.6.0.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ addressable-2.6.0.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Addressable is an alternative implementation to the URI implementation that is part of Ruby's standard library. From 2.3.0 to before 2.9.0, within the URI template implementation in Addressable, two classes of URI template generate regular expressions vulnerable to catastrophic backtracking. Templates using the * (explode) modifier with any expansion operator (e.g., {foo*}, {+var*}, {#var*}, {/var*}, {.var*}, {;var*}, {?var*}, {&var*}) generate patterns with nested unbounded quantifiers that are O(2^n) when matched against a maliciously crafted URI. Templates using multiple variables with the + or # operators (e.g., {+v1,v2,v3}) generate patterns with O(n^k) complexity due to the comma separator being within the matched character class, causing ambiguous backtracking across k variables. When matched against a maliciously crafted URI, this can result in catastrophic backtracking and uncontrolled resource consumption, leading to denial of service. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.9.0.
Publish Date: 2026-04-07
URL: CVE-2026-35611
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.36%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Release Date: 2026-04-07
Fix Resolution: https://github.com/sporkmonger/addressable.git - addressable-2.9.0
CVE-2026-34829
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6, Rack::Multipart::Parser only wraps the request body in a BoundedIO when CONTENT_LENGTH is present. When a multipart/form-data request is sent without a Content-Length header, such as with HTTP chunked transfer encoding, multipart parsing continues until end-of-stream with no total size limit. For file parts, the uploaded body is written directly to a temporary file on disk rather than being constrained by the buffered in-memory upload limit. An unauthenticated attacker can therefore stream an arbitrarily large multipart file upload and consume unbounded disk space. This results in a denial of service condition for Rack applications that accept multipart form data. This issue has been patched in versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6.
Publish Date: 2026-04-02
URL: CVE-2026-34829
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.369%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-8vqr-qjwx-82mw
Release Date: 2026-04-02
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.1.21,rack - 3.2.6,rack - 2.2.23
CVE-2026-34785
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6, Rack::Static determines whether a request should be served as a static file using a simple string prefix check. When configured with URL prefixes such as "/css", it matches any request path that begins with that string, including unrelated paths such as "/css-config.env" or "/css-backup.sql". As a result, files under the static root whose names merely share the configured prefix may be served unintentionally, leading to information disclosure. This issue has been patched in versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6.
Publish Date: 2026-04-02
URL: CVE-2026-34785
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.387%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-h2jq-g4cq-5ppq
Release Date: 2026-04-02
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.1.21,rack - 2.2.23,rack - 3.2.6
CVE-2026-22860
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.22, 3.1.20, and 3.2.5, "Rack::Directory"’s path check used a string prefix match on the expanded path. A request like "/../root_example/" can escape the configured root if the target path starts with the root string, allowing directory listing outside the intended root. Versions 2.2.22, 3.1.20, and 3.2.5 fix the issue.
Publish Date: 2026-02-18
URL: CVE-2026-22860
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.665%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Release Date: 2026-02-17
Fix Resolution: https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.5,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.20,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.22
CVE-2025-61919
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, and 3.2.3, "Rack::Request#POST" reads the entire request body into memory for "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded", calling "rack.input.read(nil)" without enforcing a length or cap. Large request bodies can therefore be buffered completely into process memory before parsing, leading to denial of service (DoS) through memory exhaustion. Users should upgrade to Rack version 2.2.20, 3.1.18, or 3.2.3, anu of which enforces form parameter limits using "query_parser.bytesize_limit", preventing unbounded reads of "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" bodies. Additionally, enforce strict maximum body size at the proxy or web server layer (e.g., Nginx "client_max_body_size", Apache "LimitRequestBody").
Publish Date: 2025-10-10
URL: CVE-2025-61919
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.605%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-6xw4-3v39-52mm
Release Date: 2025-10-10
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.1.18,rack - 3.2.3,rack - 2.2.20
CVE-2025-61772
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, "Rack::Multipart::Parser" can accumulate unbounded data when a multipart part’s header block never terminates with the required blank line ("CRLFCRLF"). The parser keeps appending incoming bytes to memory without a size cap, allowing a remote attacker to exhaust memory and cause a denial of service (DoS). Attackers can send incomplete multipart headers to trigger high memory use, leading to process termination (OOM) or severe slowdown. The effect scales with request size limits and concurrency. All applications handling multipart uploads may be affected. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 cap per-part header size (e.g., 64 KiB). As a workaround, restrict maximum request sizes at the proxy or web server layer (e.g., Nginx "client_max_body_size").
Publish Date: 2025-10-07
URL: CVE-2025-61772
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.868%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-wpv5-97wm-hp9c
Release Date: 2025-10-07
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.2.2,rack - 2.2.19,rack - 3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - 2.2.19,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.2
CVE-2025-61771
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, ``Rack::Multipart::Parser"stores non-file form fields (parts without a"filename") entirely in memory as Ruby "String"objects. A single large text field in a multipart/form-data request (hundreds of megabytes or more) can consume equivalent process memory, potentially leading to out-of-memory (OOM) conditions and denial of service (DoS). Attackers can send large non-file fields to trigger excessive memory usage. Impact scales with request size and concurrency, potentially leading to worker crashes or severe garbage-collection overhead. All Rack applications processing multipart form submissions are affected. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 enforce a reasonable size cap for non-file fields (e.g., 2 MiB). Workarounds include restricting maximum request body size at the web-server or proxy layer (e.g., Nginx"client_max_body_size`) and validating and rejecting unusually large form fields at the application level.
Mend Note: The description of this vulnerability differs from MITRE.
Publish Date: 2025-10-07
URL: CVE-2025-61771
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.528%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-w9pc-fmgc-vxvw
Release Date: 2025-10-07
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.2.2,rack - 2.2.19,rack - 3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.19,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.2,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.17
CVE-2025-61770
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, "Rack::Multipart::Parser" buffers the entire multipart preamble (bytes before the first boundary) in memory without any size limit. A client can send a large preamble followed by a valid boundary, causing significant memory use and potential process termination due to out-of-memory (OOM) conditions. Remote attackers can trigger large transient memory spikes by including a long preamble in multipart/form-data requests. The impact scales with allowed request sizes and concurrency, potentially causing worker crashes or severe slowdown due to garbage collection. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 enforce a preamble size limit (e.g., 16 KiB) or discard preamble data entirely. Workarounds include limiting total request body size at the proxy or web server level and monitoring memory and set per-process limits to prevent OOM conditions.
Publish Date: 2025-10-07
URL: CVE-2025-61770
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.868%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-p543-xpfm-54cp
Release Date: 2025-10-07
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.2.19,rack - 3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.2,rack - 3.2.2,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.19
CVE-2025-59830
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to version 2.2.18, Rack::QueryParser enforces its params_limit only for parameters separated by &, while still splitting on both & and ;. As a result, attackers could use ; separators to bypass the parameter count limit and submit more parameters than intended. Applications or middleware that directly invoke Rack::QueryParser with its default configuration (no explicit delimiter) could be exposed to increased CPU and memory consumption. This can be abused as a limited denial-of-service vector. This issue has been patched in version 2.2.18.
Publish Date: 2025-09-25
URL: CVE-2025-59830
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.535%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-625h-95r8-8xpm
Release Date: 2025-09-25
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.2.18,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.18
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Vulnerabilities
*For some transitive vulnerabilities, there is no version of direct dependency with a fix. Check the "Details" section below to see if there is a version of transitive dependency where vulnerability is fixed.
**In some cases, Remediation PR cannot be created automatically for a vulnerability despite the availability of remediation
Details
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
A sequence injection vulnerability exists in Rack <2.0.9.1, <2.1.4.1 and <2.2.3.1 which could allow is a possible shell escape in the Lint and CommonLogger components of Rack.
Publish Date: 2022-12-05
URL: CVE-2022-30123
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 1.801%
CVSS 3 Score Details (10.0)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Changed
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-wq4h-7r42-5hrr
Release Date: 2022-12-05
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.0.9.1,2.1.4.1,2.2.3.1
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Summary Nokogiri "v1.13.2" (https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/releases/tag/v1.13.2) upgrades two of its packaged dependencies: - vendored libxml2 from v2.9.12 to "v2.9.13" (https://download.gnome.org/sources/libxml2/2.9/libxml2-2.9.13.news) - vendored libxslt from v1.1.34 to "v1.1.35" (https://download.gnome.org/sources/libxslt/1.1/libxslt-1.1.35.news) Those library versions address the following upstream CVEs: - libxslt: "CVE-2021-30560" (https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30560) (CVSS 8.8, High severity) - libxml2: "CVE-2022-23308" (https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23308) (Unspecified severity, see more information below) Those library versions also address numerous other issues including performance improvements, regression fixes, and bug fixes, as well as memory leaks and other use-after-free issues that were not assigned CVEs. Please note that this advisory only applies to the CRuby implementation of Nokogiri "< 1.13.2", and only if the packaged libraries are being used. If you've overridden defaults at installation time to use system libraries instead of packaged libraries, you should instead pay attention to your distro's "libxml2" and "libxslt" release announcements. Mitigation Upgrade to Nokogiri ">= 1.13.2". Users who are unable to upgrade Nokogiri may also choose a more complicated mitigation: compile and link an older version Nokogiri against external libraries libxml2 ">= 2.9.13" and libxslt ">= 1.1.35", which will also address these same CVEs. Impact libxslt "CVE-2021-30560" (https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30560) - CVSS3 score: 8.8 (High) - Fixed by https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxslt/-/commit/50f9c9c All versions of libxslt prior to v1.1.35 are affected. Applications using untrusted XSL stylesheets to transform XML are vulnerable to a denial-of-service attack and should be upgraded immediately. libxml2 "CVE-2022-23308" (https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23308) - As of the time this security advisory was published, there is no officially published information available about this CVE's severity. The above NIST link does not yet have a published record, and the libxml2 maintainer has declined to provide a severity score. - Fixed by https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxml2/-/commit/652dd12 - Further explanation is at https://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/2022-February/msg00015.html The upstream commit and the explanation linked above indicate that an application may be vulnerable to a denial of service, memory disclosure, or code execution if it parses an untrusted document with parse options "DTDVALID" set to true, and "NOENT" set to false. An analysis of these parse options: - While "NOENT" is off by default for Document, DocumentFragment, Reader, and Schema parsing, it is on by default for XSLT (stylesheet) parsing in Nokogiri v1.12.0 and later. - "DTDVALID" is an option that Nokogiri does not set for any operations, and so this CVE applies only to applications setting this option explicitly. It seems reasonable to assume that any application explicitly setting the parse option "DTDVALID" when parsing untrusted documents is vulnerable and should be upgraded immediately.
Publish Date: 2026-05-28
URL: WS-2022-0089
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS:
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.8)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: Required
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-fq42-c5rg-92c2
Release Date: 2024-12-05
Fix Resolution: nokogiri - v1.13.2
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
There's a flaw in libxml2 in versions before 2.9.11. An attacker who is able to submit a crafted file to be processed by an application linked with libxml2 could trigger a use-after-free. The greatest impact from this flaw is to confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Publish Date: 2021-05-18
URL: CVE-2021-3518
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 3.653%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.8)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: Required
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-3518
Release Date: 2021-05-18
Fix Resolution: libxml2 - 2.9.12
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Use after free in Blink XSLT in Google Chrome prior to 91.0.4472.164 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.
Publish Date: 2021-08-03
URL: CVE-2021-30560
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 21.623%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.8)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: Required
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2021-30560
Release Date: 2021-08-03
Fix Resolution: v1.1.35,libxslt - 1.1.35
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
There is a flaw in the xml entity encoding functionality of libxml2 in versions before 2.9.11. An attacker who is able to supply a crafted file to be processed by an application linked with the affected functionality of libxml2 could trigger an out-of-bounds read. The most likely impact of this flaw is to application availability, with some potential impact to confidentiality and integrity if an attacker is able to use memory information to further exploit the application.
Publish Date: 2021-05-19
URL: CVE-2021-3517
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 8.28%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.6)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: Low
- Integrity Impact: Low
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-3517
Release Date: 2021-05-19
Fix Resolution: libxml2 - 2.9.12
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
A directory traversal vulnerability exists in rack < 2.2.0 that allows an attacker perform directory traversal vulnerability in the Rack::Directory app that is bundled with Rack which could result in information disclosure.
Publish Date: 2020-07-02
URL: CVE-2020-8161
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 3.593%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.6)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Changed
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Release Date: 2020-07-02
Fix Resolution: 2.2.0,2.1.3
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Nokogiri is an open source XML and HTML library for Ruby. Nokogiri prior to version 1.13.6 does not type-check all inputs into the XML and HTML4 SAX parsers, allowing specially crafted untrusted inputs to cause illegal memory access errors (segfault) or reads from unrelated memory. Version 1.13.6 contains a patch for this issue. As a workaround, ensure the untrusted input is a "String" by calling "#to_s" or equivalent.
Publish Date: 2022-05-20
URL: CVE-2022-29181
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 3.078%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.2)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: Low
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2022-29181
Release Date: 2022-05-20
Fix Resolution: nokogiri - 1.13.6
Vulnerable Library - addressable-2.6.0.gem
Addressable is a replacement for the URI implementation that is part of Ruby's standard library. It more closely conforms to the relevant RFCs and adds support for IRIs and URI templates.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/addressable-2.6.0.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/addressable-2.6.0.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Addressable is an alternative implementation to the URI implementation that is part of Ruby's standard library. From 2.3.0 to before 2.9.0, within the URI template implementation in Addressable, two classes of URI template generate regular expressions vulnerable to catastrophic backtracking. Templates using the * (explode) modifier with any expansion operator (e.g., {foo*}, {+var*}, {#var*}, {/var*}, {.var*}, {;var*}, {?var*}, {&var*}) generate patterns with nested unbounded quantifiers that are O(2^n) when matched against a maliciously crafted URI. Templates using multiple variables with the + or # operators (e.g., {+v1,v2,v3}) generate patterns with O(n^k) complexity due to the comma separator being within the matched character class, causing ambiguous backtracking across k variables. When matched against a maliciously crafted URI, this can result in catastrophic backtracking and uncontrolled resource consumption, leading to denial of service. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.9.0.
Publish Date: 2026-04-07
URL: CVE-2026-35611
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.36%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Release Date: 2026-04-07
Fix Resolution: https://github.com/sporkmonger/addressable.git - addressable-2.9.0
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6, Rack::Multipart::Parser only wraps the request body in a BoundedIO when CONTENT_LENGTH is present. When a multipart/form-data request is sent without a Content-Length header, such as with HTTP chunked transfer encoding, multipart parsing continues until end-of-stream with no total size limit. For file parts, the uploaded body is written directly to a temporary file on disk rather than being constrained by the buffered in-memory upload limit. An unauthenticated attacker can therefore stream an arbitrarily large multipart file upload and consume unbounded disk space. This results in a denial of service condition for Rack applications that accept multipart form data. This issue has been patched in versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6.
Publish Date: 2026-04-02
URL: CVE-2026-34829
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.369%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-8vqr-qjwx-82mw
Release Date: 2026-04-02
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.1.21,rack - 3.2.6,rack - 2.2.23
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6, Rack::Static determines whether a request should be served as a static file using a simple string prefix check. When configured with URL prefixes such as "/css", it matches any request path that begins with that string, including unrelated paths such as "/css-config.env" or "/css-backup.sql". As a result, files under the static root whose names merely share the configured prefix may be served unintentionally, leading to information disclosure. This issue has been patched in versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6.
Publish Date: 2026-04-02
URL: CVE-2026-34785
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.387%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-h2jq-g4cq-5ppq
Release Date: 2026-04-02
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.1.21,rack - 2.2.23,rack - 3.2.6
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.22, 3.1.20, and 3.2.5, "Rack::Directory"’s path check used a string prefix match on the expanded path. A request like "/../root_example/" can escape the configured root if the target path starts with the root string, allowing directory listing outside the intended root. Versions 2.2.22, 3.1.20, and 3.2.5 fix the issue.
Publish Date: 2026-02-18
URL: CVE-2026-22860
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.665%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Release Date: 2026-02-17
Fix Resolution: https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.5,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.20,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.22
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, and 3.2.3, "Rack::Request#POST" reads the entire request body into memory for "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded", calling "rack.input.read(nil)" without enforcing a length or cap. Large request bodies can therefore be buffered completely into process memory before parsing, leading to denial of service (DoS) through memory exhaustion. Users should upgrade to Rack version 2.2.20, 3.1.18, or 3.2.3, anu of which enforces form parameter limits using "query_parser.bytesize_limit", preventing unbounded reads of "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" bodies. Additionally, enforce strict maximum body size at the proxy or web server layer (e.g., Nginx "client_max_body_size", Apache "LimitRequestBody").
Publish Date: 2025-10-10
URL: CVE-2025-61919
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.605%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-6xw4-3v39-52mm
Release Date: 2025-10-10
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.1.18,rack - 3.2.3,rack - 2.2.20
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, "Rack::Multipart::Parser" can accumulate unbounded data when a multipart part’s header block never terminates with the required blank line ("CRLFCRLF"). The parser keeps appending incoming bytes to memory without a size cap, allowing a remote attacker to exhaust memory and cause a denial of service (DoS). Attackers can send incomplete multipart headers to trigger high memory use, leading to process termination (OOM) or severe slowdown. The effect scales with request size limits and concurrency. All applications handling multipart uploads may be affected. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 cap per-part header size (e.g., 64 KiB). As a workaround, restrict maximum request sizes at the proxy or web server layer (e.g., Nginx "client_max_body_size").
Publish Date: 2025-10-07
URL: CVE-2025-61772
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.868%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-wpv5-97wm-hp9c
Release Date: 2025-10-07
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.2.2,rack - 2.2.19,rack - 3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - 2.2.19,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.2
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, ``Rack::Multipart::Parser"stores non-file form fields (parts without a"filename") entirely in memory as Ruby "String"objects. A single large text field in a multipart/form-data request (hundreds of megabytes or more) can consume equivalent process memory, potentially leading to out-of-memory (OOM) conditions and denial of service (DoS). Attackers can send large non-file fields to trigger excessive memory usage. Impact scales with request size and concurrency, potentially leading to worker crashes or severe garbage-collection overhead. All Rack applications processing multipart form submissions are affected. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 enforce a reasonable size cap for non-file fields (e.g., 2 MiB). Workarounds include restricting maximum request body size at the web-server or proxy layer (e.g., Nginx"client_max_body_size`) and validating and rejecting unusually large form fields at the application level.
Mend Note: The description of this vulnerability differs from MITRE.
Publish Date: 2025-10-07
URL: CVE-2025-61771
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.528%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-w9pc-fmgc-vxvw
Release Date: 2025-10-07
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.2.2,rack - 2.2.19,rack - 3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.19,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.2,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.17
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, "Rack::Multipart::Parser" buffers the entire multipart preamble (bytes before the first boundary) in memory without any size limit. A client can send a large preamble followed by a valid boundary, causing significant memory use and potential process termination due to out-of-memory (OOM) conditions. Remote attackers can trigger large transient memory spikes by including a long preamble in multipart/form-data requests. The impact scales with allowed request sizes and concurrency, potentially causing worker crashes or severe slowdown due to garbage collection. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 enforce a preamble size limit (e.g., 16 KiB) or discard preamble data entirely. Workarounds include limiting total request body size at the proxy or web server level and monitoring memory and set per-process limits to prevent OOM conditions.
Publish Date: 2025-10-07
URL: CVE-2025-61770
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.868%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-p543-xpfm-54cp
Release Date: 2025-10-07
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.2.19,rack - 3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.2,rack - 3.2.2,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.19
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to version 2.2.18, Rack::QueryParser enforces its params_limit only for parameters separated by &, while still splitting on both & and ;. As a result, attackers could use ; separators to bypass the parameter count limit and submit more parameters than intended. Applications or middleware that directly invoke Rack::QueryParser with its default configuration (no explicit delimiter) could be exposed to increased CPU and memory consumption. This can be abused as a limited denial-of-service vector. This issue has been patched in version 2.2.18.
Publish Date: 2025-09-25
URL: CVE-2025-59830
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.535%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-625h-95r8-8xpm
Release Date: 2025-09-25
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.2.18,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.18