Configuration

Database connection configuration for MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Microsoft SQL Server (MSSQL), and Oracle Database.

MySQL Configuration

Basic Configuration

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', [
    'host' => '127.0.0.1',
    'username' => 'testuser',
    'password' => 'testpass',
    'dbname' => 'testdb'
]);

Full Configuration Options

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', [
    // Connection options
    'pdo'         => null,                 // Optional: Existing PDO object
    'host'        => '127.0.0.1',          // Required: MySQL host
    'username'    => 'testuser',           // Required: MySQL username
    'password'    => 'testpass',           // Required: MySQL password
    'dbname'      => 'testdb',             // Required: Database name
    'port'        => 3306,                 // Optional: MySQL port (default: 3306)
    'prefix'      => 'my_',                // Optional: Table prefix (e.g. 'wp_')
    'charset'     => 'utf8mb4',            // Optional: Connection charset
    
    // Advanced options
    'unix_socket' => '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock', // Optional: Unix socket path
    'sslca'       => '/path/ca.pem',       // Optional: SSL CA certificate
    'sslcert'     => '/path/client-cert.pem', // Optional: SSL client certificate
    'sslkey'      => '/path/client-key.pem',  // Optional: SSL client key
    'compress'    => true                  // Optional: Enable protocol compression
]);

Using Existing PDO Connection

$pdo = new PDO(
    'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=testdb',
    'user',
    'pass'
);

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', [
    'pdo' => $pdo,
    'prefix' => 'wp_'
]);

MariaDB Configuration

MariaDB uses the same driver as MySQL ('mysql') and shares the same configuration options. MariaDB is fully supported as a separate dialect with optimized SQL generation.

Basic Configuration

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', [
    'host' => '127.0.0.1',
    'username' => 'testuser',
    'password' => 'testpass',
    'dbname' => 'testdb'
]);

Full Configuration Options

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', [
    // Connection options
    'pdo'         => null,                 // Optional: Existing PDO object
    'host'        => '127.0.0.1',          // Required: MariaDB host
    'username'    => 'testuser',           // Required: MariaDB username
    'password'    => 'testpass',           // Required: MariaDB password
    'dbname'      => 'testdb',             // Required: Database name
    'port'        => 3306,                 // Optional: MariaDB port (default: 3306)
    'prefix'      => 'my_',                // Optional: Table prefix (e.g. 'wp_')
    'charset'     => 'utf8mb4',            // Optional: Connection charset
    
    // Advanced options
    'unix_socket' => '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock', // Optional: Unix socket path
    'sslca'       => '/path/ca.pem',       // Optional: SSL CA certificate
    'sslcert'     => '/path/client-cert.pem', // Optional: SSL client certificate
    'sslkey'      => '/path/client-key.pem',  // Optional: SSL client key
    'compress'    => true                  // Optional: Enable protocol compression
]);

Using Existing PDO Connection

$pdo = new PDO(
    'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=testdb',
    'user',
    'pass'
);

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', [
    'pdo' => $pdo,
    'prefix' => 'app_'
]);

Note: MariaDB uses the same driver name ('mysql') as MySQL, but PDOdb automatically detects MariaDB and uses the MariaDB dialect for optimized SQL generation.

PostgreSQL Configuration

Basic Configuration

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

$db = new PdoDb('pgsql', [
    'host' => '127.0.0.1',
    'username' => 'testuser',
    'password' => 'testpass',
    'dbname' => 'testdb'
]);

Full Configuration Options

$db = new PdoDb('pgsql', [
    // Connection options
    'pdo'              => null,            // Optional: Existing PDO object
    'host'             => '127.0.0.1',     // Required: PostgreSQL host
    'username'         => 'testuser',      // Required: PostgreSQL username
    'password'         => 'testpass',       // Required: PostgreSQL password
    'dbname'           => 'testdb',        // Required: Database name
    'port'             => 5432,            // Optional: PostgreSQL port (default: 5432)
    'prefix'           => 'pg_',           // Optional: Table prefix
    
    // Advanced options
    'options'          => '--client_encoding=UTF8', // Optional: Extra options
    'sslmode'          => 'require',       // Optional: SSL mode (disable, allow, prefer, require, verify-ca, verify-full)
    'sslkey'           => '/path/client.key',   // Optional: SSL private key
    'sslcert'          => '/path/client.crt',   // Optional: SSL client certificate
    'sslrootcert'      => '/path/ca.crt',       // Optional: SSL root certificate
    'application_name' => 'MyApp',         // Optional: Application name (visible in pg_stat_activity)
    'connect_timeout'  => 5,               // Optional: Connection timeout in seconds
    'hostaddr'         => '192.168.1.10',  // Optional: Direct IP address (bypasses DNS)
    'service'          => 'myservice',     // Optional: Service name from pg_service.conf
    'target_session_attrs' => 'read-write' // Optional: For clusters (any, read-write)
]);

SQLite Configuration

Basic Configuration

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

// In-memory database
$db = new PdoDb('sqlite', [
    'path' => ':memory:'
]);

// File-based database
$db = new PdoDb('sqlite', [
    'path' => '/path/to/database.sqlite'
]);

Full Configuration Options

$db = new PdoDb('sqlite', [
    // Connection options
    'pdo'         => null,                       // Optional: Existing PDO object
    'path'        => '/path/to/database.sqlite', // Required: Path to SQLite file
                                                 // Use ':memory:' for in-memory database
    'prefix'      => 'sq_',                      // Optional: Table prefix
    'mode'        => 'rwc',                      // Optional: Open mode (ro, rw, rwc, memory)
    'cache'       => 'shared',                   // Optional: Cache mode (shared, private)
    'enable_regexp' => true                     // Optional: Enable REGEXP functions (default: true)
                                                 // Automatically registers REGEXP, regexp_replace, regexp_extract
]);

SQLite Open Modes

ro - Read-only access
rw - Read/write access
rwc - Read/write/create if not exists (default)
memory - In-memory database

PDO Options

You can pass additional PDO options when creating a connection:

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

$pdoOptions = [
    PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
    PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,
    PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false,
];

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', [
    'host' => 'localhost',
    'username' => 'user',
    'password' => 'pass',
    'dbname' => 'testdb'
], $pdoOptions);

Recommended PDO Options

$pdoOptions = [
    // Error handling
    PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
    
    // Fetch mode
    PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,
    
    // Disable emulated prepares for better performance and security
    PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false,
    
    // Use persistent connections (optional, be careful with this)
    // PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT => true,
    
    // Connection timeout (MySQL only)
    // PDO::ATTR_TIMEOUT => 5
];

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', $config, $pdoOptions);

Prepared Statement Pool

Enable automatic prepared statement caching for better performance:

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', [
    'host' => 'localhost',
    'username' => 'user',
    'password' => 'pass',
    'dbname' => 'mydb',
    'stmt_pool' => [
        'enabled' => true,      // Enable statement pooling
        'capacity' => 256       // Maximum cached statements (default: 256)
    ]
]);

See: Connection Management - Prepared Statement Pool for detailed documentation.

Connection Pooling

You can manage multiple database connections:

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

// Initialize without a default connection
$db = new PdoDb();

// Add MySQL connection
$db->addConnection('mysql_main', [
    'driver' => 'mysql',
    'host' => 'mysql.server.com',
    'username' => 'user',
    'password' => 'pass',
    'dbname' => 'main_db'
]);

// Add PostgreSQL connection
$db->addConnection('pgsql_analytics', [
    'driver' => 'pgsql',
    'host' => 'postgres.server.com',
    'username' => 'analyst',
    'password' => 'pass',
    'dbname' => 'analytics'
]);

// Switch between connections
$users = $db->connection('mysql_main')->find()->from('users')->get();
$stats = $db->connection('pgsql_analytics')->find()->from('stats')->get();

Using .env Files

PDOdb supports loading configuration from .env files using the PdoDb::fromEnv() static method. This provides a convenient way to manage database configuration without hardcoding credentials.

Basic Usage

Create a .env file in your project root:

PDODB_DRIVER=mysql
PDODB_HOST=localhost
PDODB_PORT=3306
PDODB_DATABASE=testdb
PDODB_USERNAME=testuser
PDODB_PASSWORD=testpass
PDODB_CHARSET=utf8mb4

Then load the configuration:

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

// Load from .env file in current directory
$db = PdoDb::fromEnv();

// Or specify a custom .env file path
$db = PdoDb::fromEnv('/path/to/.env.local');

Environment Variables

The following environment variables are supported in .env files:

Variable	Required	Description	Example
`PDODB_DRIVER`	Yes	Database driver name	`mysql`, `pgsql`, `sqlite`, `sqlsrv`, `oci`
`PDODB_HOST`	Yes*	Database host	`localhost`, `127.0.0.1`
`PDODB_PORT`	No	Database port	`3306`, `5432`, `1433`, `1521`
`PDODB_DATABASE`	Yes*	Database name	`testdb`, `mydb`
`PDODB_USERNAME`	Yes*	Database username	`testuser`, `root`
`PDODB_PASSWORD`	No	Database password	`secret123`
`PDODB_CHARSET`	No	Connection charset	`utf8mb4`, `UTF8`
`PDODB_PATH`	Yes*	SQLite database path	`:memory:`, `/path/to/db.sqlite`

* Required for most databases, except SQLite which only requires PDODB_DRIVER and PDODB_PATH.

.env File Format

The .env file supports:

Key-value pairs: KEY=value
Comments: Lines starting with # are ignored
Quoted values: Both single and double quotes are supported and automatically removed
Empty lines: Ignored

Example .env file:

# Database Configuration
PDODB_DRIVER=mysql
PDODB_HOST=localhost
PDODB_PORT=3306
PDODB_DATABASE=testdb

# Credentials
PDODB_USERNAME=testuser
PDODB_PASSWORD="secret123"
PDODB_CHARSET=utf8mb4

Custom .env File Path

You can specify a custom path to the .env file:

$db = PdoDb::fromEnv('/path/to/.env.production');

Or set the PDODB_ENV_PATH environment variable:

export PDODB_ENV_PATH=/path/to/.env.production
php your-script.php

With PDO Options, Logger, and Cache

You can pass additional options to fromEnv():

use Psr\Log\NullLogger;
use tommyknocker\pdodb\cache\CacheFactory;

$pdoOptions = [
    PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
];

$logger = new NullLogger();
$cache = CacheFactory::create(['type' => 'array', 'enabled' => true]);

$db = PdoDb::fromEnv(
    null,           // Use default .env path
    $pdoOptions,    // PDO options
    $logger,        // Logger instance
    $cache          // Cache instance
);

Error Handling

If PDODB_DRIVER is not set in the .env file, fromEnv() will throw an InvalidArgumentException:

try {
    $db = PdoDb::fromEnv();
} catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
    echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
    // Error: PDODB_DRIVER not set in .env file
}

For non-SQLite databases, if required variables (PDODB_DATABASE, PDODB_USERNAME) are missing, an exception will be thrown:

try {
    $db = PdoDb::fromEnv();
} catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
    echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
    // Error: PDODB_DATABASE and PDODB_USERNAME must be set in .env file for driver: mysql
}

Environment-Based Configuration (Alternative)

You can also use environment variables directly without .env files:

// config.php
return [
    'host' => getenv('DB_HOST') ?: 'localhost',
    'username' => getenv('DB_USERNAME') ?: 'root',
    'password' => getenv('DB_PASSWORD') ?: '',
    'dbname' => getenv('DB_NAME') ?: 'testdb',
    'charset' => getenv('DB_CHARSET') ?: 'utf8mb4'
];

// Usage
$db = new PdoDb('mysql', require 'config.php');

SSL/TLS Configuration

MySQL SSL

$db = new PdoDb('mysql', [
    'host' => 'mysql.example.com',
    'username' => 'user',
    'password' => 'pass',
    'dbname' => 'mydb',
    'sslcert' => '/path/to/client-cert.pem',
    'sslkey' => '/path/to/client-key.pem',
    'sslca' => '/path/to/ca.pem'
]);

PostgreSQL SSL

$db = new PdoDb('pgsql', [
    'host' => 'postgres.example.com',
    'username' => 'user',
    'password' => 'pass',
    'dbname' => 'mydb',
    'sslmode' => 'require',
    'sslcert' => '/path/to/client.crt',
    'sslkey' => '/path/to/client.key',
    'sslrootcert' => '/path/to/ca.crt'
]);

Microsoft SQL Server (MSSQL) Configuration

Basic Configuration

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

$db = new PdoDb('sqlsrv', [
    'host' => 'localhost',
    'username' => 'testuser',
    'password' => 'testpass',
    'dbname' => 'testdb'
]);

Full Configuration Options

$db = new PdoDb('sqlsrv', [
    // Connection options
    'pdo'                    => null,            // Optional: Existing PDO object
    'host'                   => 'localhost',     // Required: SQL Server host
    'username'               => 'testuser',      // Required: SQL Server username
    'password'               => 'testpass',      // Required: SQL Server password
    'dbname'                 => 'testdb',        // Required: Database name
    'port'                   => 1433,            // Optional: SQL Server port (default: 1433)
    'prefix'                 => 'mssql_',        // Optional: Table prefix
    
    // SSL/TLS options
    'trust_server_certificate' => true,          // Optional: Trust server certificate (default: true)
                                                  // Set to false for production with valid certificates
    'encrypt'                => true,            // Optional: Enable encryption (default: true)
]);

Using Existing PDO Connection

$pdo = new PDO(
    'sqlsrv:Server=localhost,1433;Database=testdb;TrustServerCertificate=yes;Encrypt=yes',
    'user',
    'pass'
);

$db = new PdoDb('sqlsrv', [
    'pdo' => $pdo,
    'prefix' => 'app_'
]);

MSSQL SSL Configuration

For self-signed certificates (development/testing):

$db = new PdoDb('sqlsrv', [
    'host' => 'localhost',
    'username' => 'user',
    'password' => 'pass',
    'dbname' => 'mydb',
    'trust_server_certificate' => true,  // Trust self-signed certificates
    'encrypt' => true                     // Enable encryption
]);

For production with valid certificates:

$db = new PdoDb('sqlsrv', [
    'host' => 'sqlserver.example.com',
    'username' => 'user',
    'password' => 'pass',
    'dbname' => 'mydb',
    'trust_server_certificate' => false,  // Require valid certificate
    'encrypt' => true                     // Enable encryption
]);

Note: MSSQL uses the sqlsrv driver name. The Microsoft ODBC Driver for SQL Server must be installed, and the PHP sqlsrv extension must be enabled.

Oracle Database Configuration

Basic Configuration

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

$db = new PdoDb('oci', [
    'host' => 'localhost',
    'port' => 1521,
    'username' => 'testuser',
    'password' => 'testpass',
    'service_name' => 'XEPDB1', // Oracle service name (or use 'sid' for SID)
    'charset' => 'UTF8'
]);

Full Configuration Options

$db = new PdoDb('oci', [
    // Connection options
    'pdo'          => null,            // Optional: Existing PDO object
    'host'         => 'localhost',     // Required: Oracle host
    'port'         => 1521,            // Optional: Oracle port (default: 1521)
    'username'     => 'testuser',      // Required: Oracle username
    'password'     => 'testpass',       // Required: Oracle password
    'service_name' => 'XEPDB1',        // Required: Oracle service name (preferred)
    // OR use 'sid' instead of 'service_name' for SID-based connections
    'sid'          => 'XE',            // Optional: Oracle SID (alternative to service_name)
    'dbname'       => 'XEPDB1',        // Optional: Fallback to dbname if service_name/sid not provided
    'prefix'       => 'app_',          // Optional: Table prefix
    'charset'      => 'UTF8',          // Optional: Connection charset (default: UTF8)
]);

Using Service Name (Recommended)

Oracle 12c+ uses service names for Pluggable Databases (PDBs):

$db = new PdoDb('oci', [
    'host' => 'localhost',
    'port' => 1521,
    'username' => 'testuser',
    'password' => 'testpass',
    'service_name' => 'XEPDB1' // Pluggable Database service name
]);

Using SID (Legacy)

For older Oracle installations or non-CDB databases:

$db = new PdoDb('oci', [
    'host' => 'localhost',
    'port' => 1521,
    'username' => 'testuser',
    'password' => 'testpass',
    'sid' => 'XE' // Oracle SID
]);

Using Existing PDO Connection

$pdo = new PDO(
    'oci:dbname=//localhost:1521/XEPDB1',
    'user',
    'pass'
);

$db = new PdoDb('oci', [
    'pdo' => $pdo,
    'prefix' => 'app_'
]);

Environment Variables

Oracle configuration via environment variables:

export PDODB_DRIVER=oci
export PDODB_HOST=localhost
export PDODB_PORT=1521
export PDODB_USERNAME=testuser
export PDODB_PASSWORD=testpass
export PDODB_SERVICE_NAME=XEPDB1
export PDODB_CHARSET=UTF8
export PDODB_PREFIX=app_

Note: Oracle uses the oci driver name. The PHP pdo_oci extension must be installed and enabled. Oracle Database 12c+ is recommended for full feature support (JSON operations, LATERAL JOINs, etc.).

Environment Variables Reference

All database dialects support configuration via .env file or environment variables. The following variables are available:

Common Variables (All Dialects)

Variable	Description	Required	Default
`PDODB_DRIVER`	Database driver (`mysql`, `mariadb`, `pgsql`, `sqlite`, `sqlsrv`, `oci`)	Yes	-
`PDODB_HOST`	Database host	Yes*	`localhost`
`PDODB_PORT`	Database port	No	Driver default
`PDODB_DATABASE`	Database name	Yes*	-
`PDODB_USERNAME`	Database username	Yes*	-
`PDODB_PASSWORD`	Database password	Yes*	-
`PDODB_CHARSET`	Connection charset	No	Driver default
`PDODB_PREFIX`	Table prefix	No	Empty

* Not required for SQLite

MySQL/MariaDB Specific Variables

Variable	Description	Type	Default
`PDODB_UNIX_SOCKET`	Unix socket path	String	-
`PDODB_SSLCA`	SSL CA certificate path	String	-
`PDODB_SSLCERT`	SSL client certificate path	String	-
`PDODB_SSLKEY`	SSL client key path	String	-
`PDODB_COMPRESS`	Enable protocol compression	Boolean	`false`

Example:

PDODB_DRIVER=mysql
PDODB_HOST=localhost
PDODB_DATABASE=mydb
PDODB_USERNAME=user
PDODB_PASSWORD=pass
PDODB_PREFIX=wp_
PDODB_UNIX_SOCKET=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
PDODB_SSLCA=/path/ca.pem
PDODB_SSLCERT=/path/client-cert.pem
PDODB_SSLKEY=/path/client-key.pem
PDODB_COMPRESS=true

PostgreSQL Specific Variables

Variable	Description	Type	Default
`PDODB_SSLMODE`	SSL mode (`disable`, `allow`, `prefer`, `require`, `verify-ca`, `verify-full`)	String	-
`PDODB_SSLKEY`	SSL private key path	String	-
`PDODB_SSLCERT`	SSL client certificate path	String	-
`PDODB_SSLROOTCERT`	SSL root certificate path	String	-
`PDODB_APPLICATION_NAME`	Application name (visible in `pg_stat_activity`)	String	-
`PDODB_CONNECT_TIMEOUT`	Connection timeout in seconds	Integer	-
`PDODB_HOSTADDR`	Direct IP address (bypasses DNS)	String	-
`PDODB_SERVICE`	Service name from `pg_service.conf`	String	-
`PDODB_TARGET_SESSION_ATTRS`	Target session attributes (`any`, `read-write`)	String	-
`PDODB_OPTIONS`	Extra connection options	String	-

Example:

PDODB_DRIVER=pgsql
PDODB_HOST=localhost
PDODB_DATABASE=mydb
PDODB_USERNAME=user
PDODB_PASSWORD=pass
PDODB_PREFIX=app_
PDODB_SSLMODE=require
PDODB_SSLCERT=/path/client.crt
PDODB_SSLKEY=/path/client.key
PDODB_SSLROOTCERT=/path/ca.crt
PDODB_APPLICATION_NAME=MyApp
PDODB_CONNECT_TIMEOUT=5

SQLite Specific Variables

Variable	Description	Type	Default
`PDODB_PATH`	Path to SQLite file (use `:memory:` for in-memory)	String	`./database.sqlite`
`PDODB_MODE`	Open mode (`ro`, `rw`, `rwc`, `memory`)	String	`rwc`
`PDODB_CACHE`	Cache mode (`shared`, `private`)	String	-
`PDODB_ENABLE_REGEXP`	Enable REGEXP functions	Boolean	`true`

Example:

PDODB_DRIVER=sqlite
PDODB_PATH=:memory:
PDODB_PREFIX=test_
PDODB_MODE=rwc
PDODB_CACHE=shared
PDODB_ENABLE_REGEXP=true

MSSQL Specific Variables

Variable	Description	Type	Default
`PDODB_TRUST_SERVER_CERTIFICATE`	Trust server certificate	Boolean	`true`
`PDODB_ENCRYPT`	Enable encryption	Boolean	`true`

Example:

PDODB_DRIVER=sqlsrv
PDODB_HOST=localhost
PDODB_DATABASE=mydb
PDODB_USERNAME=user
PDODB_PASSWORD=pass
PDODB_PREFIX=mssql_
PDODB_TRUST_SERVER_CERTIFICATE=true
PDODB_ENCRYPT=true

Oracle Specific Variables

Variable	Description	Type	Default
`PDODB_SERVICE_NAME`	Oracle service name (preferred for 12c+)	String	-
`PDODB_SID`	Oracle SID (alternative to service_name)	String	-

Note: Use PDODB_SERVICE_NAME for Oracle 12c+ Pluggable Databases (PDBs), or PDODB_SID for older installations.

Example:

PDODB_DRIVER=oci
PDODB_HOST=localhost
PDODB_PORT=1521
PDODB_USERNAME=testuser
PDODB_PASSWORD=testpass
PDODB_SERVICE_NAME=XEPDB1
PDODB_CHARSET=UTF8
PDODB_PREFIX=app_

Using .env File

Create a .env file in your project root:

# .env
PDODB_DRIVER=mysql
PDODB_HOST=localhost
PDODB_DATABASE=mydb
PDODB_USERNAME=user
PDODB_PASSWORD=pass
PDODB_PREFIX=app_
PDODB_CHARSET=utf8mb4

Then use PdoDb::fromEnv():

use tommyknocker\pdodb\PdoDb;

// Load from .env file in current directory
$db = PdoDb::fromEnv();

// Or specify custom path
$db = PdoDb::fromEnv('/path/to/.env.local');

Boolean Values

Boolean environment variables accept the following values:

true, 1, yes, on → true
false, 0, no, off → false

Examples:

PDODB_COMPRESS=true
PDODB_ENABLE_REGEXP=1
PDODB_TRUST_SERVER_CERTIFICATE=yes
PDODB_ENCRYPT=false

Next Steps

First Connection - Make your first connection
Hello World - Build your first query

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04-configuration.md

File metadata and controls

Configuration

MySQL Configuration

Basic Configuration

Full Configuration Options

Using Existing PDO Connection

MariaDB Configuration

Basic Configuration

Full Configuration Options

Using Existing PDO Connection

PostgreSQL Configuration

Basic Configuration

Full Configuration Options

SQLite Configuration

Basic Configuration

Full Configuration Options

SQLite Open Modes

PDO Options

Recommended PDO Options

Prepared Statement Pool

Connection Pooling

Using .env Files

Basic Usage

Environment Variables

.env File Format

Custom .env File Path

With PDO Options, Logger, and Cache

Error Handling

Environment-Based Configuration (Alternative)

SSL/TLS Configuration

MySQL SSL

PostgreSQL SSL

Microsoft SQL Server (MSSQL) Configuration

Basic Configuration

Full Configuration Options

Using Existing PDO Connection

MSSQL SSL Configuration

Oracle Database Configuration

Basic Configuration

Full Configuration Options

Using Service Name (Recommended)

Using SID (Legacy)

Using Existing PDO Connection

Environment Variables

Environment Variables Reference

Common Variables (All Dialects)

MySQL/MariaDB Specific Variables

PostgreSQL Specific Variables

SQLite Specific Variables

MSSQL Specific Variables

Oracle Specific Variables

Using .env File

Boolean Values

Next Steps