src: align FFI error handling with Node.js source

Align the FFI error handling logic with the rest of the
Node.js source.

Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/main/src/README.md#exception-handling
Signed-off-by: Anna Henningsen <[email protected]>
PR-URL: #62858
Reviewed-By: Paolo Insogna <[email protected]>
Reviewed-By: Daeyeon Jeong <[email protected]>

Author: addaleax