index.js

// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
// following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

'use strict';
const process = globalThis.process;  // Some tests tamper with the process globalThis.

const assert = require('assert');
const fs = require('fs');
const net = require('net');
// Do not require 'os' until needed so that test-os-checked-function can
// monkey patch it. If 'os' is required here, that test will fail.
const path = require('path');
const { inspect, getCallSites } = require('util');
const { isMainThread } = require('worker_threads');

const tmpdir = require('./tmpdir');
const bits = ['arm64', 'loong64', 'mips', 'mipsel', 'ppc64', 'riscv64', 's390x', 'x64']
  .includes(process.arch) ? 64 : 32;
const hasIntl = !!process.config.variables.v8_enable_i18n_support;

// small-icu doesn't support non-English locales
const hasFullICU = (() => {
  try {
    const january = new Date(9e8);
    const spanish = new Intl.DateTimeFormat('es', { month: 'long' });
    return spanish.format(january) === 'enero';
  } catch {
    return false;
  }
})();

const {
  atob,
  btoa,
} = require('buffer');

// Some tests assume a umask of 0o022 so set that up front. Tests that need a
// different umask will set it themselves.
//
// Workers can read, but not set the umask, so check that this is the main
// thread.
if (isMainThread)
  process.umask(0o022);

const noop = () => {};

// Whether the executable is linked against the shared library i.e. libnode.
const usesSharedLibrary = process.config.variables.node_shared;
const hasCrypto = Boolean(process.versions.openssl) &&
                  !process.env.NODE_SKIP_CRYPTO;

const hasInspector = Boolean(process.features.inspector);
const hasSQLite = Boolean(process.versions.sqlite);
const hasFFI = Boolean(process.config.variables.node_use_ffi);

const hasQuic = hasCrypto && !!process.features.quic;

const hasLocalStorage = (() => {
  // Check enumerable property to avoid triggering the getter which emits a warning.
  // localStorage is enumerable only when --localstorage-file is provided.
  const desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, 'localStorage');
  return hasSQLite && desc?.enumerable === true;
})();

/**
 * Parse test metadata from the specified file.
 * @param {string} filename - The name of the file to parse.
 * @returns {{
 *   flags: string[],
 *   envs: Record<string, string>
 * }} An object containing the parsed flags and environment variables.
 */
function parseTestMetadata(filename = process.argv[1]) {
  // The copyright notice is relatively big and the metadata could come afterwards.
  const bytesToRead = 1500;
  const buffer = Buffer.allocUnsafe(bytesToRead);
  const fd = fs.openSync(filename, 'r');
  const bytesRead = fs.readSync(fd, buffer, 0, bytesToRead);
  fs.closeSync(fd);
  const source = buffer.toString('utf8', 0, bytesRead);

  const flagStart = source.search(/\/\/ Flags:\s+--/) + 10;
  let flags = [];
  if (flagStart !== 9) {
    let flagEnd = source.indexOf('\n', flagStart);
    if (source[flagEnd - 1] === '\r') {
      flagEnd--;
    }
    flags = source
      .substring(flagStart, flagEnd)
      .split(/\s+/)
      .filter(Boolean);
  }

  const envStart = source.search(/\/\/ Env:\s+/) + 8;
  let envs = {};
  if (envStart !== 7) {
    let envEnd = source.indexOf('\n', envStart);
    if (source[envEnd - 1] === '\r') {
      envEnd--;
    }
    const envArray = source
      .substring(envStart, envEnd)
      .split(/\s+/)
      .filter(Boolean);
    envs = Object.fromEntries(envArray.map((env) => env.split('=')));
  }

  return { flags, envs };
}

// Check for flags. Skip this for workers (both, the `cluster` module and
// `worker_threads`) and child processes.
// If the binary was built without-ssl then the crypto flags are
// invalid (bad option). The test itself should handle this case.
if (process.argv.length === 2 &&
    !process.env.NODE_SKIP_FLAG_CHECK &&
    isMainThread &&
    hasCrypto &&
    require('cluster').isPrimary &&
    fs.existsSync(process.argv[1])) {
  const { flags, envs } = parseTestMetadata();

  const flagsTriggerSpawn = flags.some((flag) => (
    !process.execArgv.includes(flag) &&
    // If the binary is build without `intl` the inspect option is
    // invalid. The test itself should handle this case.
    (process.features.inspector || !flag.startsWith('--inspect'))
  ));
  const envsTriggerSpawn = Object.keys(envs).some((key) => process.env[key] !== envs[key]);

  if (flagsTriggerSpawn || envsTriggerSpawn) {
    console.log(
      'NOTE: The test started as a child_process using these flags:',
      inspect(flags),
      'And these environment variables:',
      inspect(envs),
      'Use NODE_SKIP_FLAG_CHECK to run the test with the original flags.',
    );
    const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
    const args = [...flags, ...process.execArgv, ...process.argv.slice(1)];
    const options = {
      encoding: 'utf8',
      stdio: 'inherit',
      env: {
        ...process.env,
        ...envs,
      },
    };
    const result = spawnSync(process.execPath, args, options);
    if (result.signal) {
      process.kill(0, result.signal);
    } else {
      process.exit(result.status);
    }
  }
}

const isWindows = process.platform === 'win32';
const isSunOS = process.platform === 'sunos';
const isFreeBSD = process.platform === 'freebsd';
const isOpenBSD = process.platform === 'openbsd';
const isLinux = process.platform === 'linux';
const isMacOS = process.platform === 'darwin';
const isASan = process.config.variables.asan === 1;
const isRiscv64 = process.arch === 'riscv64';
const isDebug = process.features.debug;
function isPi() {
  try {
    // Normal Raspberry Pi detection is to find the `Raspberry Pi` string in
    // the contents of `/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/model` but that doesn't
    // work inside a container. Match the chipset model number instead.
    const cpuinfo = fs.readFileSync('/proc/cpuinfo', { encoding: 'utf8' });
    const ok = /^Hardware\s*:\s*(.*)$/im.exec(cpuinfo)?.[1] === 'BCM2835';
    /^/.test('');  // Clear RegExp.$_, some tests expect it to be empty.
    return ok;
  } catch {
    return false;
  }
}

// When using high concurrency or in the CI we need much more time for each connection attempt.
// Default 500ms becomes 2500ms for tests.
net.setDefaultAutoSelectFamilyAttemptTimeout(platformTimeout(net.getDefaultAutoSelectFamilyAttemptTimeout() * 5));
const defaultAutoSelectFamilyAttemptTimeout = net.getDefaultAutoSelectFamilyAttemptTimeout();

const buildType = process.config.target_defaults ?
  process.config.target_defaults.default_configuration :
  'Release';

// If env var is set then enable async_hook hooks for all tests.
if (process.env.NODE_TEST_WITH_ASYNC_HOOKS) {
  const destroydIdsList = {};
  const destroyListList = {};
  const initHandles = {};
  const { internalBinding } = require('internal/test/binding');
  const async_wrap = internalBinding('async_wrap');

  process.on('exit', () => {
    // Iterate through handles to make sure nothing crashes
    for (const k in initHandles)
      inspect(initHandles[k]);
  });

  const _queueDestroyAsyncId = async_wrap.queueDestroyAsyncId;
  async_wrap.queueDestroyAsyncId = function queueDestroyAsyncId(id) {
    if (destroyListList[id] !== undefined) {
      process._rawDebug(destroyListList[id]);
      process._rawDebug();
      throw new Error(`same id added to destroy list twice (${id})`);
    }
    destroyListList[id] = inspect(new Error());
    _queueDestroyAsyncId(id);
  };

  require('async_hooks').createHook({
    init(id, ty, tr, resource) {
      if (initHandles[id]) {
        process._rawDebug(
          `Is same resource: ${resource === initHandles[id].resource}`);
        process._rawDebug(`Previous stack:\n${initHandles[id].stack}\n`);
        throw new Error(`init called twice for same id (${id})`);
      }
      initHandles[id] = {
        resource,
        stack: inspect(new Error()).slice(6),
      };
    },
    before() { },
    after() { },
    destroy(id) {
      if (destroydIdsList[id] !== undefined) {
        process._rawDebug(destroydIdsList[id]);
        process._rawDebug();
        throw new Error(`destroy called for same id (${id})`);
      }
      destroydIdsList[id] = inspect(new Error());
    },
  }).enable();
}

let inFreeBSDJail = null;
let localhostIPv4 = null;

const localIPv6Hosts =
  isLinux ? [
    // Debian/Ubuntu
    'ip6-localhost',
    'ip6-loopback',

    // SUSE
    'ipv6-localhost',
    'ipv6-loopback',

    // Typically universal
    'localhost',
  ] : [ 'localhost' ];

const PIPE = (() => {
  const localRelative = path.relative(process.cwd(), `${tmpdir.path}/`);
  const pipePrefix = isWindows ? '\\\\.\\pipe\\' : localRelative;
  const pipeName = `node-test.${process.pid}.sock`;
  return path.join(pipePrefix, pipeName);
})();

// Check that when running a test with
// `$node --abort-on-uncaught-exception $file child`
// the process aborts.
function childShouldThrowAndAbort() {
  const escapedArgs = escapePOSIXShell`"${process.argv[0]}" --abort-on-uncaught-exception "${process.argv[1]}" child`;
  if (!isWindows) {
    // Do not create core files, as it can take a lot of disk space on
    // continuous testing and developers' machines
    escapedArgs[0] = 'ulimit -c 0 && ' + escapedArgs[0];
  }
  const { exec } = require('child_process');
  const child = exec(...escapedArgs);
  child.on('exit', function onExit(exitCode, signal) {
    const errMsg = 'Test should have aborted ' +
                   `but instead exited with exit code ${exitCode}` +
                   ` and signal ${signal}`;
    assert(nodeProcessAborted(exitCode, signal), errMsg);
  });
}

const pwdCommand = isWindows ?
  ['cmd.exe', ['/d', '/c', 'cd']] :
  ['pwd', []];


function platformTimeout(ms) {
  const multipliers = typeof ms === 'bigint' ?
    { two: 2n, four: 4n, seven: 7n } : { two: 2, four: 4, seven: 7 };

  if (isDebug)
    ms = multipliers.two * ms;

  if (exports.isAIX || exports.isIBMi)
    return multipliers.two * ms; // Default localhost speed is slower on AIX

  if (isPi())
    return multipliers.two * ms;  // Raspberry Pi devices

  if (isRiscv64) {
    return multipliers.four * ms;
  }

  return ms;
}

const knownGlobals = new Set([
  AbortController,
  atob,
  btoa,
  clearImmediate,
  clearInterval,
  clearTimeout,
  global,
  setImmediate,
  setInterval,
  setTimeout,
  queueMicrotask,
  structuredClone,
  fetch,
]);

['gc',
 // The following are assumed to be conditionally available in the
 // global object currently. They can likely be added to the fixed
 // set of known globals, however.
 'navigator',
 'Navigator',
 'performance',
 'Performance',
 'PerformanceMark',
 'PerformanceMeasure',
 'EventSource',
 'CustomEvent',
 'ReadableStream',
 'ReadableStreamDefaultReader',
 'ReadableStreamBYOBReader',
 'ReadableStreamBYOBRequest',
 'ReadableByteStreamController',
 'ReadableStreamDefaultController',
 'TransformStream',
 'TransformStreamDefaultController',
 'WritableStream',
 'WritableStreamDefaultWriter',
 'WritableStreamDefaultController',
 'ByteLengthQueuingStrategy',
 'CountQueuingStrategy',
 'TextEncoderStream',
 'TextDecoderStream',
 'CompressionStream',
 'DecompressionStream',
 'Storage',
].forEach((i) => {
  if (globalThis[i] !== undefined) {
    knownGlobals.add(globalThis[i]);
  }
});

if (hasCrypto) {
  knownGlobals.add(globalThis.crypto);
  knownGlobals.add(globalThis.Crypto);
  knownGlobals.add(globalThis.CryptoKey);
  knownGlobals.add(globalThis.SubtleCrypto);
}

if (hasLocalStorage) {
  knownGlobals.add(globalThis.localStorage);
}
if (hasSQLite) {
  knownGlobals.add(globalThis.sessionStorage);
}

const { Worker } = require('node:worker_threads');
knownGlobals.add(Worker);

function allowGlobals(...allowlist) {
  for (const val of allowlist) {
    knownGlobals.add(val);
  }
}

if (process.env.NODE_TEST_KNOWN_GLOBALS !== '0') {
  if (process.env.NODE_TEST_KNOWN_GLOBALS) {
    const knownFromEnv = process.env.NODE_TEST_KNOWN_GLOBALS.split(',');
    allowGlobals(...knownFromEnv);
  }

  function leakedGlobals() {
    const leaked = [];

    for (const val in globalThis) {
      // globalThis.crypto is a getter that throws if Node.js was compiled
      // without OpenSSL so we'll skip it if it is not available.
      if (val === 'crypto' && !hasCrypto) {
        continue;
      }
      // globalThis.localStorage is a getter that throws if Node.js was
      // executed without a --localstorage-file path.
      if (val === 'localStorage' && !hasLocalStorage) {
        continue;
      }
      if (!knownGlobals.has(globalThis[val])) {
        leaked.push(val);
      }
    }

    return leaked;
  }

  process.on('exit', function() {
    const leaked = leakedGlobals();
    if (leaked.length > 0) {
      assert.fail(`Unexpected global(s) found: ${leaked.join(', ')}`);
    }
  });
}

const mustCallChecks = [];

function runCallChecks(exitCode) {
  if (exitCode !== 0) return;

  const failed = mustCallChecks.filter(function(context) {
    if ('minimum' in context) {
      context.messageSegment = `at least ${context.minimum}`;
      return context.actual < context.minimum;
    }
    context.messageSegment = `exactly ${context.exact}`;
    return context.actual !== context.exact;
  });

  failed.forEach(function(context) {
    console.log('Mismatched %s function calls. Expected %s, actual %d.',
                context.name,
                context.messageSegment,
                context.actual);
    console.log(context.stack.split('\n').slice(2).join('\n'));
  });

  if (failed.length) process.exit(1);
}

function mustCall(fn, exact) {
  return _mustCallInner(fn, exact, 'exact');
}

function mustSucceed(fn, exact) {
  return mustCall(function(err, ...args) {
    assert.ifError(err);
    if (typeof fn === 'function')
      return fn.apply(this, args);
  }, exact);
}

function mustCallAtLeast(fn, minimum) {
  return _mustCallInner(fn, minimum, 'minimum');
}

function _mustCallInner(fn, criteria = 1, field) {
  if (process._exiting)
    throw new Error('Cannot use common.mustCall*() in process exit handler');
  if (typeof fn === 'number') {
    criteria = fn;
    fn = noop;
  } else if (fn === undefined) {
    fn = noop;
  }

  if (typeof criteria !== 'number')
    throw new TypeError(`Invalid ${field} value: ${criteria}`);

  const context = {
    [field]: criteria,
    actual: 0,
    stack: inspect(new Error()),
    name: fn.name || '<anonymous>',
  };

  // Add the exit listener only once to avoid listener leak warnings
  if (mustCallChecks.length === 0) process.on('exit', runCallChecks);

  mustCallChecks.push(context);

  const _return = function() { // eslint-disable-line func-style
    context.actual++;
    return fn.apply(this, arguments);
  };
  // Function instances have own properties that may be relevant.
  // Let's replicate those properties to the returned function.
  // Refs: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-function-instances
  Object.defineProperties(_return, {
    name: {
      value: fn.name,
      writable: false,
      enumerable: false,
      configurable: true,
    },
    length: {
      value: fn.length,
      writable: false,
      enumerable: false,
      configurable: true,
    },
  });
  return _return;
}

function skipIfEslintMissing() {
  if (!fs.existsSync(
    path.join(__dirname, '..', '..', 'tools', 'eslint', 'node_modules', 'eslint'),
  )) {
    skip('missing ESLint');
  }
}

function canCreateSymLink() {
  // On Windows, creating symlinks requires admin privileges.
  // We'll only try to run symlink test if we have enough privileges.
  // On other platforms, creating symlinks shouldn't need admin privileges
  if (isWindows) {
    // whoami.exe needs to be the one from System32
    // If unix tools are in the path, they can shadow the one we want,
    // so use the full path while executing whoami
    const whoamiPath = path.join(process.env.SystemRoot,
                                 'System32', 'whoami.exe');

    try {
      const { execSync } = require('child_process');
      const output = execSync(`${whoamiPath} /priv`, { timeout: 1000 });
      return output.includes('SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege');
    } catch {
      return false;
    }
  }
  // On non-Windows platforms, this always returns `true`
  return true;
}

function mustNotCall(msg) {
  const callSite = getCallSites()[1];
  return function mustNotCall(...args) {
    const argsInfo = args.length > 0 ?
      `\ncalled with arguments: ${args.map((arg) => inspect(arg)).join(', ')}` : '';
    assert.fail(
      `${msg || 'function should not have been called'} at ${callSite.scriptName}:${callSite.lineNumber}` +
      argsInfo);
  };
}

const _mustNotMutateObjectDeepProxies = new WeakMap();

function mustNotMutateObjectDeep(original) {
  // Return primitives and functions directly. Primitives are immutable, and
  // proxied functions are impossible to compare against originals, e.g. with
  // `assert.deepEqual()`.
  if (original === null || typeof original !== 'object') {
    return original;
  }

  const cachedProxy = _mustNotMutateObjectDeepProxies.get(original);
  if (cachedProxy) {
    return cachedProxy;
  }

  const _mustNotMutateObjectDeepHandler = {
    __proto__: null,
    defineProperty(target, property, descriptor) {
      assert.fail(`Expected no side effects, got ${inspect(property)} ` +
                  'defined');
    },
    deleteProperty(target, property) {
      assert.fail(`Expected no side effects, got ${inspect(property)} ` +
                  'deleted');
    },
    get(target, prop, receiver) {
      return mustNotMutateObjectDeep(Reflect.get(target, prop, receiver));
    },
    preventExtensions(target) {
      assert.fail('Expected no side effects, got extensions prevented on ' +
                  inspect(target));
    },
    set(target, property, value, receiver) {
      assert.fail(`Expected no side effects, got ${inspect(value)} ` +
                  `assigned to ${inspect(property)}`);
    },
    setPrototypeOf(target, prototype) {
      assert.fail(`Expected no side effects, got set prototype to ${prototype}`);
    },
  };

  const proxy = new Proxy(original, _mustNotMutateObjectDeepHandler);
  _mustNotMutateObjectDeepProxies.set(original, proxy);
  return proxy;
}

function printSkipMessage(msg) {
  console.log(`1..0 # Skipped: ${msg}`);
}

function skip(msg) {
  printSkipMessage(msg);
  // In known_issues test, skipping should produce a non-zero exit code.
  process.exit(require.main?.filename.startsWith(path.resolve(__dirname, '../known_issues/')) ? 1 : 0);
}

// Returns true if the exit code "exitCode" and/or signal name "signal"
// represent the exit code and/or signal name of a node process that aborted,
// false otherwise.
function nodeProcessAborted(exitCode, signal) {
  // Depending on the compiler used, node will exit with either
  // exit code 132 (SIGILL), 133 (SIGTRAP) or 134 (SIGABRT).
  let expectedExitCodes = [132, 133, 134];

  // On platforms using KSH as the default shell (like SmartOS),
  // when a process aborts, KSH exits with an exit code that is
  // greater than 256, and thus the exit code emitted with the 'exit'
  // event is null and the signal is set to either SIGILL, SIGTRAP,
  // or SIGABRT (depending on the compiler).
  const expectedSignals = ['SIGILL', 'SIGTRAP', 'SIGABRT'];

  // On Windows, 'aborts' are of 2 types, depending on the context:
  // (i) Exception breakpoint, if --abort-on-uncaught-exception is on
  // which corresponds to exit code 2147483651 (0x80000003)
  // (ii) Otherwise, _exit(134) which is called in place of abort() due to
  // raising SIGABRT exiting with ambiguous exit code '3' by default
  if (isWindows)
    expectedExitCodes = [0x80000003, 134];

  // When using --abort-on-uncaught-exception, V8 will use
  // base::OS::Abort to terminate the process.
  // Depending on the compiler used, the shell or other aspects of
  // the platform used to build the node binary, this will actually
  // make V8 exit by aborting or by raising a signal. In any case,
  // one of them (exit code or signal) needs to be set to one of
  // the expected exit codes or signals.
  if (signal !== null) {
    return expectedSignals.includes(signal);
  }
  return expectedExitCodes.includes(exitCode);
}

function isAlive(pid) {
  try {
    process.kill(pid, 'SIGCONT');
    return true;
  } catch {
    return false;
  }
}

function _expectWarning(name, expected, code) {
  if (typeof expected === 'string') {
    expected = [[expected, code]];
  } else if (!Array.isArray(expected)) {
    expected = Object.entries(expected).map(([a, b]) => [b, a]);
  } else if (expected.length !== 0 && !Array.isArray(expected[0])) {
    expected = [[expected[0], expected[1]]];
  }
  // Deprecation codes are mandatory, everything else is not.
  if (name === 'DeprecationWarning') {
    expected.forEach(([_, code]) => assert(code, `Missing deprecation code: ${expected}`));
  }
  return mustCall((warning) => {
    const expectedProperties = expected.shift();
    if (!expectedProperties) {
      assert.fail(`Unexpected extra warning received: ${warning}`);
    }
    const [ message, code ] = expectedProperties;
    assert.strictEqual(warning.name, name);
    if (typeof message === 'string') {
      assert.strictEqual(warning.message, message);
    } else {
      assert.match(warning.message, message);
    }
    assert.strictEqual(warning.code, code);
  }, expected.length);
}

let catchWarning;

// Accepts a warning name and description or array of descriptions or a map of
// warning names to description(s) ensures a warning is generated for each
// name/description pair.
// The expected messages have to be unique per `expectWarning()` call.
function expectWarning(nameOrMap, expected, code) {
  if (catchWarning === undefined) {
    catchWarning = {};
    process.on('warning', (warning) => {
      if (!catchWarning[warning.name]) {
        throw new TypeError(
          `"${warning.name}" was triggered without being expected.\n` +
          inspect(warning),
        );
      }
      catchWarning[warning.name](warning);
    });
  }
  if (typeof nameOrMap === 'string') {
    catchWarning[nameOrMap] = _expectWarning(nameOrMap, expected, code);
  } else {
    Object.keys(nameOrMap).forEach((name) => {
      catchWarning[name] = _expectWarning(name, nameOrMap[name]);
    });
  }
}

// Useful for testing expected internal/error objects
function expectsError(validator, exact) {
  return mustCall((...args) => {
    if (args.length !== 1) {
      // Do not use `assert.strictEqual()` to prevent `inspect` from
      // always being called.
      assert.fail(`Expected one argument, got ${inspect(args)}`);
    }
    const error = args.pop();
    // The error message should be non-enumerable
    assert.strictEqual(Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(error, 'message'), false);

    assert.throws(() => { throw error; }, validator);
    return true;
  }, exact);
}

function skipIfInspectorDisabled() {
  if (!hasInspector) {
    skip('V8 inspector is disabled');
  }
}

function skipIf32Bits() {
  if (bits < 64) {
    skip('The tested feature is not available in 32bit builds');
  }
}

function skipIfSQLiteMissing() {
  if (!hasSQLite) {
    skip('missing SQLite');
  }
}

function skipIfFFIMissing() {
  if (!hasFFI) {
    skip('missing FFI');
  }
}

function getArrayBufferViews(buf) {
  const { buffer, byteOffset, byteLength } = buf;

  const out = [];

  const arrayBufferViews = [
    Int8Array,
    Uint8Array,
    Uint8ClampedArray,
    Int16Array,
    Uint16Array,
    Int32Array,
    Uint32Array,
    Float16Array,
    Float32Array,
    Float64Array,
    BigInt64Array,
    BigUint64Array,
    DataView,
  ];

  for (const type of arrayBufferViews) {
    const { BYTES_PER_ELEMENT = 1 } = type;
    if (byteLength % BYTES_PER_ELEMENT === 0) {
      out.push(new type(buffer, byteOffset, byteLength / BYTES_PER_ELEMENT));
    }
  }
  return out;
}

function getBufferSources(buf) {
  return [...getArrayBufferViews(buf), new Uint8Array(buf).buffer];
}

function getTTYfd() {
  // Do our best to grab a tty fd.
  const tty = require('tty');
  // Don't attempt fd 0 as it is not writable on Windows.
  // Ref: ef2861961c3d9e9ed6972e1e84d969683b25cf95
  const ttyFd = [1, 2, 4, 5].find(tty.isatty);
  if (ttyFd === undefined) {
    try {
      return fs.openSync('/dev/tty');
    } catch {
      // There aren't any tty fd's available to use.
      return -1;
    }
  }
  return ttyFd;
}

function runWithInvalidFD(func) {
  let fd = 1 << 30;
  // Get first known bad file descriptor. 1 << 30 is usually unlikely to
  // be an valid one.
  try {
    while (fs.fstatSync(fd--) && fd > 0);
  } catch {
    return func(fd);
  }

  printSkipMessage('Could not generate an invalid fd');
}

// A helper function to simplify checking for ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE output.
function invalidArgTypeHelper(input) {
  if (input == null) {
    return ` Received ${input}`;
  }
  if (typeof input === 'function') {
    return ` Received function ${input.name}`;
  }
  if (typeof input === 'object') {
    if (input.constructor?.name) {
      return ` Received an instance of ${input.constructor.name}`;
    }
    return ` Received ${inspect(input, { depth: -1 })}`;
  }

  let inspected = inspect(input, { colors: false });
  if (inspected.length > 28) { inspected = `${inspected.slice(inspected, 0, 25)}...`; }

  return ` Received type ${typeof input} (${inspected})`;
}

function requireNoPackageJSONAbove(dir = __dirname) {
  let possiblePackage = path.join(dir, '..', 'package.json');
  let lastPackage = null;
  while (possiblePackage !== lastPackage) {
    if (fs.existsSync(possiblePackage)) {
      assert.fail(
        'This test shouldn\'t load properties from a package.json above ' +
        `its file location. Found package.json at ${possiblePackage}.`);
    }
    lastPackage = possiblePackage;
    possiblePackage = path.join(possiblePackage, '..', '..', 'package.json');
  }
}

function spawnPromisified(...args) {
  const { spawn } = require('child_process');
  let stderr = '';
  let stdout = '';

  const child = spawn(...args);
  child.stderr.setEncoding('utf8');
  child.stderr.on('data', (data) => { stderr += data; });
  child.stdout.setEncoding('utf8');
  child.stdout.on('data', (data) => { stdout += data; });

  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    child.on('close', (code, signal) => {
      resolve({
        code,
        signal,
        stderr,
        stdout,
      });
    });
    child.on('error', (code, signal) => {
      reject({
        code,
        signal,
        stderr,
        stdout,
      });
    });
  });
}

/**
 * Escape values in a string template literal. On Windows, this function
 * does not escape anything (which is fine for paths, as `"` is not a valid char
 * in a path on Windows), so you should use it only to escape paths – or other
 * values on tests which are skipped on Windows.
 * This function is meant to be used for tagged template strings.
 * @returns {[string, object | undefined]} An array that can be passed as
 *   arguments to `exec` or `execSync`.
 */
function escapePOSIXShell(cmdParts, ...args) {
  if (common.isWindows) {
    // On Windows, paths cannot contain `"`, so we can return the string unchanged.
    return [String.raw({ raw: cmdParts }, ...args)];
  }
  // On POSIX shells, we can pass values via the env, as there's a standard way for referencing a variable.
  const env = { ...process.env };
  let cmd = cmdParts[0];
  for (let i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
    const envVarName = `ESCAPED_${i}`;
    env[envVarName] = args[i];
    cmd += '${' + envVarName + '}' + cmdParts[i + 1];
  }

  return [cmd, { env }];
};

/**
 * Check the exports of require(esm).
 * TODO(joyeecheung): use it in all the test-require-module-* tests to minimize changes
 * if/when we change the layout of the result returned by require(esm).
 * @param {object} mod result returned by require()
 * @param {object} expectation shape of expected namespace.
 */
function expectRequiredModule(mod, expectation, checkESModule = true) {
  const { isModuleNamespaceObject } = require('util/types');
  const clone = { ...mod };
  if (Object.hasOwn(mod, 'default') && checkESModule) {
    assert.strictEqual(mod.__esModule, true);
    delete clone.__esModule;
  }
  assert(isModuleNamespaceObject(mod));
  assert.deepStrictEqual(clone, { ...expectation });
}

function expectRequiredTLAError(err) {
  const message = /require\(\) cannot be used on an ESM graph with top-level await/;
  if (typeof err === 'string') {
    assert.match(err, /ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE/);
    assert.match(err, message);
  } else {
    assert.strictEqual(err.code, 'ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE');
    assert.match(err.message, message);
  }
}

function sleepSync(ms) {
  const sab = new SharedArrayBuffer(4);
  const i32 = new Int32Array(sab);
  Atomics.wait(i32, 0, 0, ms);
}

function resolveBuiltBinary(binary) {
  if (isWindows) {
    binary += '.exe';
  }
  return path.join(path.dirname(process.execPath), binary);
}

const common = {
  allowGlobals,
  buildType,
  canCreateSymLink,
  childShouldThrowAndAbort,
  defaultAutoSelectFamilyAttemptTimeout,
  escapePOSIXShell,
  expectsError,
  expectRequiredModule,
  expectRequiredTLAError,
  expectWarning,
  getArrayBufferViews,
  getBufferSources,
  getTTYfd,
  hasIntl,
  hasFullICU,
  hasCrypto,
  hasQuic,
  hasInspector,
  hasSQLite,
  hasFFI,
  hasLocalStorage,
  invalidArgTypeHelper,
  isAlive,
  isASan,
  isDebug,
  isFreeBSD,
  isLinux,
  isOpenBSD,
  isMacOS,
  isPi,
  isRiscv64,
  isSunOS,
  isWindows,
  localIPv6Hosts,
  mustCall,
  mustCallAtLeast,
  mustNotCall,
  mustNotMutateObjectDeep,
  mustSucceed,
  nodeProcessAborted,
  PIPE,
  parseTestMetadata,
  platformTimeout,
  printSkipMessage,
  pwdCommand,
  requireNoPackageJSONAbove,
  resolveBuiltBinary,
  runWithInvalidFD,
  skip,
  skipIf32Bits,
  skipIfEslintMissing,
  skipIfInspectorDisabled,
  skipIfFFIMissing,
  skipIfSQLiteMissing,
  spawnPromisified,
  sleepSync,
  usesSharedLibrary,

  get enoughTestMem() {
    return require('os').totalmem() > 0x70000000; /* 1.75 Gb */
  },

  get hasIPv6() {
    const iFaces = require('os').networkInterfaces();
    let re;
    if (isWindows) {
      re = /Loopback Pseudo-Interface/;
    } else if (this.isIBMi) {
      re = /\*LOOPBACK/;
    } else {
      re = /lo/;
    }
    return Object.keys(iFaces).some((name) => {
      return re.test(name) &&
             iFaces[name].some(({ family }) => family === 'IPv6');
    });
  },

  get inFreeBSDJail() {
    const { execSync } = require('child_process');
    if (inFreeBSDJail !== null) return inFreeBSDJail;

    if (exports.isFreeBSD &&
        execSync('sysctl -n security.jail.jailed').toString() === '1\n') {
      inFreeBSDJail = true;
    } else {
      inFreeBSDJail = false;
    }
    return inFreeBSDJail;
  },

  // On IBMi, process.platform and os.platform() both return 'aix',
  // when built with Python versions earlier than 3.9.
  // It is not enough to differentiate between IBMi and real AIX system.
  get isAIX() {
    return require('os').type() === 'AIX';
  },

  get isIBMi() {
    return require('os').type() === 'OS400';
  },

  get localhostIPv4() {
    if (localhostIPv4 !== null) return localhostIPv4;

    if (this.inFreeBSDJail) {
      // Jailed network interfaces are a bit special - since we need to jump
      // through loops, as well as this being an exception case, assume the
      // user will provide this instead.
      if (process.env.LOCALHOST) {
        localhostIPv4 = process.env.LOCALHOST;
      } else {
        console.error('Looks like we\'re in a FreeBSD Jail. ' +
                      'Please provide your default interface address ' +
                      'as LOCALHOST or expect some tests to fail.');
      }
    }

    if (localhostIPv4 === null) localhostIPv4 = '127.0.0.1';

    return localhostIPv4;
  },

  get PORT() {
    if (+process.env.TEST_PARALLEL) {
      throw new Error('common.PORT cannot be used in a parallelized test');
    }
    return +process.env.NODE_COMMON_PORT || 12346;
  },

  get isInsideDirWithUnusualChars() {
    return __dirname.includes('%') ||
           (!isWindows && __dirname.includes('\\')) ||
           __dirname.includes('$') ||
           __dirname.includes('\n') ||
           __dirname.includes('\r') ||
           __dirname.includes('\t');
  },
};

const validProperties = new Set(Object.keys(common));
module.exports = new Proxy(common, {
  get(obj, prop) {
    if (!validProperties.has(prop))
      throw new Error(`Using invalid common property: '${prop}'`);
    return obj[prop];
  },
});