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take ownership of modules:
- learn.wwl.describe-concepts-of-relational-data - learn.wwl.explore-concepts-of-data-analytics - learn.wwl.query-relational-data-azure
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### YamlMime:ModuleUnit
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uid: learn.wwl.describe-concepts-of-relational-data.introduction
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title: Introduction
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title: Introduction
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description: "Introduction"
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ms.date: 03/18/2024
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[!include[](includes/1-introduction.md)]
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[!include[](includes/1-introduction.md)]
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### YamlMime:ModuleUnit
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uid: learn.wwl.describe-concepts-of-relational-data.explore-characteristics
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title: Explore the characteristics of relational data
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title: Explore the characteristics of relational data
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description: "Explore the characteristics of relational data"
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[!include[](includes/2-explore-characteristics.md)]
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### YamlMime:ModuleUnit
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title: Explore the characteristics of relational data
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uid: learn.wwl.describe-concepts-of-relational-data.explore-structures
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title: Explore relational data structures
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title: Explore relational data structures
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[!include[](includes/3-explore-structures.md)]
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### YamlMime:ModuleUnit
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title: Explore relational data structures
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title: Explore relational data structures
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description: "Explore relational data structures"
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ms.date: 04/30/2026
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### YamlMime:ModuleUnit
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uid: learn.wwl.describe-concepts-of-relational-data.choose-right-platform-for-relational-workload
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title: Choose the right platform for a relational workload
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metadata:
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title: Choose the right platform for a relational workload
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description: "Choose the right platform for a relational workload"
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ms.date: 03/18/2024
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author: wwlpublish
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ms.author: rcaper
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[!include[](includes/4-choose-right-platform-relational-workload.md)]
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### YamlMime:ModuleUnit
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uid: learn.wwl.describe-concepts-of-relational-data.choose-right-platform-for-relational-workload
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title: Choose the right platform for a relational workload
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title: Choose the right platform for a relational workload
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description: "Choose the right platform for a relational workload"
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ms.date: 04/30/2026
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### YamlMime:ModuleUnit
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uid: learn.wwl.describe-concepts-of-relational-data.knowledge-check
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title: Module assessment
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[!include[](includes/5-knowledge-check.md)]
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quiz:
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title: "Check your knowledge"
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questions:
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- content: "Which one of the following statements is a characteristic of a relational database?"
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choices:
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- content: "All data must be stored as character strings."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. Relational databases enable you to store text, numeric, and other types of data."
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- content: "A row in a table represents a set of related data."
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: "That's correct. Each row in a table contains the data for a single entity in that table."
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- content: "Different rows in the same table can contain different columns."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. All rows in the same table have the same columns."
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- content: "What is an index?"
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choices:
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- content: "A structure that enables you to locate rows in a table quickly, using an indexed value."
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: "That's correct. You create indexes to help speed up queries."
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- content: "A virtual table based on the result set of a query."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. This statement is the description of a view."
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- content: "A structure comprising rows and columns that you use for storing data."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. This statement is the description of a relational table."
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- content: "Which one of the following statements is a benefit of using a PaaS service, instead of an on-premises system, to run your database management systems?"
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choices:
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- content: "Increased day-to-day management costs."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. The PaaS approach reduces the day-to-day management effort."
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- content: "Increased scalability"
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: "That's correct. PaaS solutions enable you to scale up and out without having to procure your own hardware."
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- content: "Increased functionality"
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. Many database management systems running as PaaS solutions have reduced functionality compared to running the same database management systems on-premises."
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quiz:
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title: "Check your knowledge"
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questions:
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- content: "Which one of the following statements is a characteristic of a relational database?"
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choices:
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- content: "All data must be stored as character strings."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. Relational databases enable you to store text, numeric, and other types of data."
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- content: "A row in a table represents a set of related data."
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: "That's correct. Each row in a table contains the data for a single entity in that table."
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- content: "Different rows in the same table can contain different columns."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. All rows in the same table have the same columns."
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- content: "What is an index?"
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choices:
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- content: "A structure that enables you to locate rows in a table quickly, using an indexed value."
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: "That's correct. You create indexes to help speed up queries."
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- content: "A virtual table based on the result set of a query."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. This statement is the description of a view."
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- content: "A structure comprising rows and columns that you use for storing data."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. This statement is the description of a relational table."
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- content: "Which one of the following statements is a benefit of using a PaaS service, instead of an on-premises system, to run your database management systems?"
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choices:
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- content: "Increased day-to-day management costs."
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. The PaaS approach reduces the day-to-day management effort."
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- content: "Increased scalability"
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isCorrect: true
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explanation: "That's correct. PaaS solutions enable you to scale up and out without having to procure your own hardware."
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- content: "Increased functionality"
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isCorrect: false
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explanation: "That's incorrect. Many database management systems running as PaaS solutions have reduced functionality compared to running the same database management systems on-premises."
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learn-pr/wwl-data-ai/describe-concepts-of-relational-data/includes/4-choose-right-platform-relational-workload.md

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Whether a company places its relational workload in the cloud or whether it decides to keep it on premises, data security will always be paramount. But for those businesses in highly regulated industries, the decision might already be made for them as to whether to host their applications on-premises. Knowing that your data is located within your in-house servers and IT infrastructure might also provide more peace of mind.
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Hosting a relational database on-premises requires that an enterprise not only purchases the database software, but also maintains the necessary hardware on which to run the database. The organization is responsible for maintaining the hardware and software, applying patches, backing up databases, restoring them when necessary, and generally performing all the day-to-day management required to keep the platform operational. Scalability is also a concern. If you need to scale your system, you will need to upgrade or add more servers. You then need to expand your database onto these servers. This can be a formidable task that requires you to take a database offline while the operation is performed. In the cloud, many of these operations can be handled for you by the data center staff, in many cases with no (or minimal) downtime. You're free to focus on the data itself and leave the management concerns to others (this is what you pay your Azure fees for, after all).
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Hosting a relational database on-premises requires that an enterprise not only purchases the database software, but also maintains the necessary hardware on which to run the database. The organization is responsible for maintaining the hardware and software, applying patches, backing up databases, restoring them when necessary, and generally performing the day-to-day management required to keep the platform operational. Scalability is also a concern. If you need to scale your system, you'll need to upgrade or add more servers. You then need to expand your database onto these servers. This can be a formidable task that requires you to take a database offline while the operation is performed. In the cloud, many of these operations can be handled for you by the data center staff, in many cases with no (or minimal) downtime. You're free to focus on the data itself and leave the management concerns to others (this is what you pay your Azure fees for, after all).
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A cloud-based approach uses virtual technology to host a company’s applications offsite. There are no capital expenses, data can be backed up regularly, and companies only have to pay for the resources they use. For those organizations that plan aggressive expansion on a global basis, the cloud has even greater appeal because it allows you to connect with customers, partners, and other businesses anywhere with minimal effort. Additionally, cloud computing gives you nearly instant provisioning because everything is already configured. Thus, any new software that is integrated into your environment is ready to use immediately once a company has subscribed. With instant provisioning, any time spent on installation and configuration is eliminated and users can access the application right away.
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A cloud-based approach uses virtual technology to host a company’s applications offsite. There are no capital expenses, data can be backed up regularly, and companies only have to pay for the resources they use. For those organizations that plan aggressive expansion on a global basis, the cloud has even greater appeal because it allows you to connect with customers, partners, and other businesses anywhere with minimal effort. Additionally, cloud computing gives you nearly instant provisioning because everything is already configured. Thus, any new software that is integrated into your environment is ready to use immediately once a company has subscribed. With instant provisioning, anytime spent on installation and configuration is eliminated and users can access the application right away.
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:::image type="content" source="../media/4-on-premises-cloud.png" alt-text="Diagram of compare on-premises with cloud.":::
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**PaaS** stands for *Platform-as-a-service*. Rather than creating a virtual infrastructure, and installing and managing the database software yourself, a PaaS solution does this for you. You specify the resources that you require (based on how large you think your databases will be, the number of users, and the performance you require), and Azure automatically creates the necessary virtual machines, networks, and other devices for you. You can usually scale up or down (increase or decrease the size and number of resources) quickly, as the volume of data and the amount of work being done varies; Azure handles this scaling for you, and you don't have to manually add or remove virtual machines, or perform any other form of configuration.
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Azure offers several PaaS solutions for relational databases, include Azure SQL Database, Azure Database for PostgreSQL, Azure Database for MySQL, and Azure Database for MariaDB. These services run managed versions of the database management systems on your behalf. You just connect to them, create your databases, and upload your data. However, you may find that there are some functional restrictions in place, and not every feature of your selected database management system may be available. These restrictions are often due to security issues. For example, they might not expose the underlying operating system and hardware to your applications. In these cases, you may need to rework your applications to remove any dependencies on these features.
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Azure offers several PaaS solutions for relational databases, including Azure SQL Database, Azure Database for PostgreSQL, and Azure Database for MySQL. These services run managed versions of the database management systems on your behalf. You just connect to them, create your databases, and upload your data. However, you may find that there are some functional restrictions in place, and not every feature of your selected database management system may be available. These restrictions are often due to security issues. For example, they might not expose the underlying operating system and hardware to your applications. In these cases, you may need to rework your applications to remove any dependencies on these features.
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For SQL Server workloads, Azure also provides **Azure SQL Managed Instance** as a PaaS option that offers near-complete SQL Server feature compatibility. Unlike Azure SQL Database, which is optimized for new cloud-born applications, SQL Managed Instance is designed for migrating existing on-premises SQL Server applications with minimal code changes. It supports instance-scoped features such as SQL Server Agent, cross-database queries, and linked servers—making it the recommended choice for most migrations to the cloud.
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If your workloads need to integrate tightly with analytics, **SQL Database in Microsoft Fabric** is an additional PaaS option. Based on the same SQL Database Engine as Azure SQL Database, it's designed for OLTP workloads that also benefit from direct access to Fabric analytics services such as Power BI reporting, Spark notebooks, and OneLake storage.
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The image below illustrates the benefits and tradeoffs when running a database management system (in this case, SQL Server) on-premises, using virtual machines in Azure (IaaS), or using Azure SQL Database (PaaS). The same generalized considerations are true for other database management systems.
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learn-pr/wwl-data-ai/describe-concepts-of-relational-data/includes/6-summary.md

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- [Description of the database normalization basics](/office/troubleshoot/access/database-normalization-description)
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- [Technical overview of SQL Database](/azure/sql-database/sql-database-technical-overview)
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- [SQL Server Technical Documentation](/sql/sql-server/?view=sql-server-ver15)
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- [SQL Database PaaS vs IaaS Offerings](/azure/sql-database/sql-database-paas-vs-sql-server-iaas)
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- [What is Azure SQL Database?](/azure/azure-sql/database/sql-database-paas-overview)
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- [SQL Server Technical Documentation](/sql/sql-server/)
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- [What is Azure SQL?](/azure/azure-sql/azure-sql-iaas-vs-paas-what-is-overview)

learn-pr/wwl-data-ai/describe-concepts-of-relational-data/index.yml

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title: Describe concepts of relational data
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summary: Explore the relational model for databases, how tables are structured, how you can use indexes to improve query performance, and how you can use views to simplify complex queries.
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learn-pr/wwl-data-ai/explore-concepts-of-data-analytics/1-introduction.yml

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