rust: add bitmap API.

Provides an abstraction for C bitmap API and bitops operations.

This commit enables a Rust implementation of an Android Binder
data structure from commit 15d9da3 ("binder: use bitmap for faster
descriptor lookup"), which can be found in drivers/android/dbitmap.h.
It is a step towards upstreaming the Rust port of Android Binder driver.

We follow the C Bitmap API closely in naming and semantics, with
a few differences that take advantage of Rust language facilities
and idioms. The main types are `BitmapVec` for owned bitmaps and
`Bitmap` for references to C bitmaps.

  * We leverage Rust type system guarantees as follows:

    * all (non-atomic) mutating operations require a &mut reference which
      amounts to exclusive access.

    * the `BitmapVec` type implements Send. This enables transferring
      ownership between threads and is needed for Binder.

    * the `BitmapVec` type implements Sync, which enables passing shared
      references &Bitmap between threads. Atomic operations can be
      used to safely modify from multiple threads (interior
      mutability), though without ordering guarantees.

  * The Rust API uses `{set,clear}_bit` vs `{set,clear}_bit_atomic` as
    names for clarity, which differs from the C naming convention
    `set_bit` for atomic vs `__set_bit` for non-atomic.

  * we include enough operations for the API to be useful. Not all
    operations are exposed yet in order to avoid dead code. The missing
    ones can be added later.

  * We take a fine-grained approach to safety:

    * Low-level bit-ops get a safe API with bounds checks. Calling with
      an out-of-bounds arguments to {set,clear}_bit becomes a no-op and
      get logged as errors.

    * We also introduce a RUST_BITMAP_HARDENED config, which
      causes invocations with out-of-bounds arguments to panic.

    * methods correspond to find_* C methods tolerate out-of-bounds
      since the C implementation does. Also here, out-of-bounds
      arguments are logged as errors, or panic in RUST_BITMAP_HARDENED
      mode.

    * We add a way to "borrow" bitmaps from C in Rust, to make C bitmaps
      that were allocated in C directly usable in Rust code (`Bitmap`).

  * the Rust API is optimized to represent the bitmap inline if it would
    fit into a pointer. This saves allocations which is
    relevant in the Binder use case.

The underlying C bitmap is *not* exposed for raw access in Rust. Doing so
would permit bypassing the Rust API and lose static guarantees.

An alternative route of vendoring an existing Rust bitmap package was
considered but suboptimal overall. Reusing the C implementation is
preferable for a basic data structure like bitmaps. It enables Rust
code to be a lot more similar and predictable with respect to C code
that uses the same data structures and enables the use of code that
has been tried-and-tested in the kernel, with the same performance
characteristics whenever possible.

We use the `usize` type for sizes and indices into the bitmap,
because Rust generally always uses that type for indices and lengths
and it will be more convenient if the API accepts that type. This means
that we need to perform some casts to/from u32 and usize, since the C
headers use unsigned int instead of size_t/unsigned long for these
numbers in some places.

Adds new MAINTAINERS section BITMAP API [RUST].

Suggested-by: Alice Ryhl <[email protected]>
Suggested-by: Yury Norov <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Burak Emir <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Alice Ryhl <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov (NVIDIA) <[email protected]>

Author: Burak Emir

MAINTAINERS

@@ -4302,6 +4302,13 @@ S:	Maintained
 F:	rust/helpers/bitmap.c
 F:	rust/helpers/cpumask.c
 
+BITMAP API [RUST]
+M:	Alice Ryhl <[email protected]>
+M:	Burak Emir <[email protected]>
+R:	Yury Norov <[email protected]>
+S:	Maintained
+F:	rust/kernel/bitmap.rs
+
 BITOPS API
 M:	Yury Norov <[email protected]>
 R:	Rasmus Villemoes <[email protected]>