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‎abs.html‎

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<!-- SECCIÓN ABS NUMERIC FUNCTION -->
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<div id="abs-section">
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<div id="adsense-container" style="width: 350px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></div>
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<div class="inner-modal">
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<div class="inner" style="padding: 0px;">
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<h1>SQL ABS() Function</h1>
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<p>The <strong>ABS()</strong> function returns the absolute (positive) value of a number.</p>
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<h2>Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">ABS(number)</code></pre>
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<h2>Parameter Values</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>number</strong>: Required. A numeric value.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2>ABS() Example</h2>
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<p>The following SQL statement returns the absolute value of <strong>-362.3</strong>:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT ABS(-362.3);</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>

‎aliases.html‎

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<!-- SECCIÓN ALIASES -->
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<div id="aliases-section">
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<div id="adsense-container" style="width: 350px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></div>
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<div class="inner-modal">
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<div class="inner" style="padding: 0px;">
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<h1>SQL Aliases</h1>
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<p>SQL aliases are used to give a table, or a column in a table, a temporary name. Aliases are often used to
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make column names more readable.</p>
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<p>An alias only exists for the duration of that query. An alias is created with the <strong>AS</strong>
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keyword. Depending on the SQL dialect, the AS keyword may be optional.</p>
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<h2>Alias Column Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT column_name AS alias_name
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FROM table_name;</code></pre>
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<h2>Alias Table Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT column_name(s)
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FROM table_name AS alias_name;</code></pre>
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<h2>Alias for Columns Examples</h2>
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<p>The following SQL statement creates two aliases, one for the <code>weight</code> column and one for the
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<code>height</code> column:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT avg(weight) AS average_weight,
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avg(height) AS average_height
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FROM patients;</code></pre>
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<h2>Alias for Tables Example</h2>
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<p>The following SQL renames the <code>admissions</code> table as 'a' and the <code>patients</code> table as
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'p':</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT *
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FROM patients AS p
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JOIN admissions AS a ON a.patient_id = p.patient_id;</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>

‎alter-table.html‎

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<!-- SECCIÓN ALTER TABLE -->
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<div id="alter-table-section">
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<div id="adsense-container" style="width: 350px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></div>
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<div class="inner-modal">
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<div class="inner" style="padding: 0px;">
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<h1>SQL ALTER TABLE Statement</h1>
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<p>The <strong>ALTER TABLE</strong> statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing
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table.
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It is also used to add or drop various constraints on an existing table.</p>
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<p><strong>Note:</strong> ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN syntax is not supported in this tutorial.</p>
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<h2>ALTER TABLE - ADD Column Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">ALTER TABLE table_name
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ADD column_name datatype;</code></pre>
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<p>Example: Add an "email" column to the "patients" table:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">ALTER TABLE patients
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ADD email varchar(255);
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SELECT patient_id, email FROM patients;</code></pre>
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<h2>ALTER TABLE - DROP COLUMN Syntax</h2>
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<p>To delete a column in a table:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">ALTER TABLE table_name
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DROP COLUMN column_name;</code></pre>
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<p>Example: Delete the "last_name" column from the "patients" table:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">ALTER TABLE patients
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DROP COLUMN last_name;
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SELECT * FROM patients;</code></pre>
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<h2>ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN Syntax</h2>
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<p>To change the data type of a column in a table:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">-- SQL Server / MS Access
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ALTER TABLE table_name
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ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype;
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-- MySQL / Oracle (prior to 10G)
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ALTER TABLE table_name
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MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
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-- Oracle 10G and later
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ALTER TABLE table_name
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MODIFY column_name datatype;</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>

‎any-all.html‎

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<!-- SECCIÓN ANY / ALL -->
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<div id="anyall-section">
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<div id="adsense-container" style="width: 350px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></div>
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<div class="inner-modal">
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<div class="inner" style="padding: 0px;">
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<h1>SQL ANY and ALL Operators</h1>
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<p>The ANY and ALL operators allow you to perform a comparison between a single column value and a range of
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other values.</p>
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<p><strong>DISCLAIMER:</strong> This tool does not support the Any/All Operator.</p>
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<h2>The SQL ANY Operator</h2>
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<p>The ANY operator:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>returns a boolean value as a result</li>
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<li>returns TRUE if ANY of the subquery values meet the condition</li>
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</ul>
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<p>ANY means that the condition will be true if the operation is true for any of the values in the range.
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</p>
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<h3>ANY Syntax</h3>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT column_name(s)
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FROM table_name
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WHERE column_name operator ANY
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(SELECT column_name
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FROM table_name
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WHERE condition);</code></pre>
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<h2>The SQL ALL Operator</h2>
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<p>The ALL operator:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>returns a boolean value as a result</li>
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<li>returns TRUE if ALL of the subquery values meet the condition</li>
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<li>is used with SELECT, WHERE and HAVING statements</li>
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</ul>
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<p>ALL means that the condition will be true only if the operation is true for all values in the range.</p>
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<h3>ALL Syntax With SELECT</h3>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT ALL column_name(s)
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FROM table_name
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WHERE condition;</code></pre>
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<h3>ALL Syntax With WHERE or HAVING</h3>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT column_name(s)
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FROM table_name
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WHERE column_name operator ALL
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(SELECT column_name
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FROM table_name
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WHERE condition);</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>

‎auto-increment.html‎

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<!-- SECCIÓN AUTO-INCREMENT -->
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<div id="auto-increment-section">
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<div id="adsense-container" style="width: 350px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></div>
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<div class="inner-modal">
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<div class="inner" style="padding: 0px;">
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<h1>AUTO INCREMENT Field</h1>
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<p>Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated automatically when a new record is inserted into a
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table.
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Often this is the primary key field that is created automatically for each new record.</p>
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<h2>MySQL Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">CREATE TABLE Persons (
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Personid int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
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LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
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FirstName varchar(255),
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Age int,
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PRIMARY KEY (Personid)
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);
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-- Start AUTO_INCREMENT with another value
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ALTER TABLE Persons AUTO_INCREMENT=100;
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-- Insert without specifying Personid
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INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName)
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VALUES ('Lars','Monsen');</code></pre>
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<h2>SQL Server Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">CREATE TABLE Persons (
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Personid int IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY,
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LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
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FirstName varchar(255),
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Age int
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);
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-- Tip: Start at 10, increment by 5
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-- Personid int IDENTITY(10,5) PRIMARY KEY
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INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName)
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VALUES ('Lars','Monsen');</code></pre>
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<h2>MS Access Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">CREATE TABLE Persons (
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Personid AUTOINCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
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LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
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FirstName varchar(255),
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Age int
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);
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-- Tip: Start at 10, increment by 5
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-- AUTOINCREMENT(10,5)
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INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName)
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VALUES ('Lars','Monsen');</code></pre>
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<h2>Oracle Syntax</h2>
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<p>Oracle requires a sequence object to implement auto-increment:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">-- Create sequence
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CREATE SEQUENCE seq_person
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MINVALUE 1
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START WITH 1
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INCREMENT BY 1
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CACHE 10;
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-- Insert using nextval
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INSERT INTO Persons (Personid, FirstName, LastName)
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VALUES (seq_person.nextval, 'Lars', 'Monsen');</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>

‎avg.html‎

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<!-- SECCIÓN AVG() -->
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<div id="avg-section">
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<div id="adsense-container" style="width: 350px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></div>
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<div class="inner-modal">
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<div class="inner" style="padding: 0px;">
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<h1>SQL AVG() Function</h1>
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<p>The <strong>AVG()</strong> function returns the average value of a numeric column.</p>
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<h2>AVG() Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT AVG(column_name)
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FROM table_name
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WHERE condition;</code></pre>
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<h2>AVG() Example</h2>
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<p>The following SQL statement finds the average weight of patients:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT AVG(weight) FROM patients;</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>

‎between.html‎

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<!-- SECCIÓN BETWEEN -->
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<div id="between-section">
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<div id="adsense-container" style="width: 350px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></div>
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<div class="inner-modal">
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<div class="inner" style="padding: 0px;">
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<h1>SQL BETWEEN Operator</h1>
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<p>The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The values can be numbers, text, or dates.</p>
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<p>The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values are included.</p>
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<h2>BETWEEN Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT column_name(s)
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FROM table_name
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WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;</code></pre>
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<h2>BETWEEN Example</h2>
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<p>The following SQL statement selects all patients with a weight between 100 and 120:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT * FROM patients
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WHERE weight BETWEEN 100 AND 120;</code></pre>
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<h2>NOT BETWEEN Example</h2>
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<p>To display the products outside the range of the previous example, use NOT BETWEEN:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT * FROM patients
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WHERE weight NOT BETWEEN 100 AND 120;</code></pre>
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<h2>BETWEEN with IN Example</h2>
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<p>The following SQL statement selects all patients with a weight between 100 and 120. In addition; do not
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show patients located in 'ON', 'SK', or 'AB':</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT * FROM patients
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WHERE weight BETWEEN 100 AND 120
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AND province_id NOT IN ('ON', 'SK', 'AB');</code></pre>
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<h2>BETWEEN with Text</h2>
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<p>Text is compared based on the ASCII value of the text. For example, 'c'(99) is between 'a'(97) and
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'e'(101) but 'C'(67) is not between 'a'(97) and 'e'(101).</p>
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<p>The following SQL statement selects all patients with their first_name between 'Alex' and 'Ben':</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT * FROM patients
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WHERE first_name BETWEEN 'Alex' AND 'Ben';</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>

‎case.html‎

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<!-- SECCIÓN CASE -->
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<div id="case-section">
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<div id="adsense-container" style="width: 350px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></div>
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<div class="inner-modal">
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<div class="inner" style="padding: 0px;">
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<h1>SQL CASE Statement</h1>
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<p>The CASE statement goes through conditions and returns a value when the first condition is met (like an
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if-then-else statement). Once a condition is true, it will stop reading and return the result. If no
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conditions are true, it returns the value in the ELSE clause.</p>
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<p>If there is no ELSE part and no conditions are true, it returns NULL.</p>
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<h2>CASE Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">CASE
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WHEN condition1 THEN result1
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WHEN condition2 THEN result2
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WHEN conditionN THEN resultN
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ELSE result
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END;</code></pre>
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<h2>SQL CASE Examples</h2>
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<p>The following SQL goes through conditions and returns a value when the first condition is met:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT patient_id, height,
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CASE
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WHEN height > 175 THEN 'height is greater than 175'
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WHEN height = 175 THEN 'height is 175'
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ELSE 'height is under 175'
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END AS height_group
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FROM patients;</code></pre>
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<h2>CASE in ORDER BY Example</h2>
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<p>The following SQL will order the patients by allergies. However, if allergies is NULL, then order by
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patient_id:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT patient_id, first_name, allergies
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FROM patients
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ORDER BY
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(CASE
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WHEN allergies IS NULL THEN first_name
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ELSE allergies
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END);</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>

‎ceil.html‎

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<!-- SECCIÓN CEIL NUMERIC FUNCTION -->
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<div id="ceil-section">
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<div id="adsense-container" style="width: 350px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></div>
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<div class="inner-modal">
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<div class="inner" style="padding: 0px;">
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<h1>SQL CEIL() Function</h1>
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<p>The <strong>CEIL()</strong> function returns a number rounded up to the nearest integer.</p>
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<h2>Syntax</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">CEIL(number)</code></pre>
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<h2>Parameter Values</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>number</strong>: Required. The numeric value to round up.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2>CEIL() Example</h2>
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<p>The following SQL statement rounds up <strong>25.1</strong> to <strong>26</strong>:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sql">SELECT CEIL(25.1);</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>

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